Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 2: Evidence of Evolution (sir ppt) > Flashcards

Lesson 2: Evidence of Evolution (sir ppt) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two theories

A
  1. Theory of special creation
  2. Theory of evolution: descent with modification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • species are immutable (do not change)
  • variation among individuals is limited
  • lineages do not split
  • species are created seperately and independently -> genealogically unrelated
  • earth and its living creatures are young (~6,000 years old)
  • John Ray (1686): “one species never springs from the seed of another”
A

Theory of special creation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

species do not change

A

immutable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

variation of individuals in theory of special creation

A

limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

theory of special creation:
lineages __ __ __

A

do not split

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

theory of special creation:
species are created separately and independently

A

genealogically unrelated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

theory of special creation:
age of earth

A

~6,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

“one species never springs from the seed of another”

A

John Ray (1686)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • species are not immutable -> change over time
  • lineages split and diverge = speciation
  • over long periods of time, novel forms of life an derive from earlier forms = macroevolution
  • species are derived not independently but from common (shared) ancestors (genealogically related) = common ancestry
  • earth and life are considerably more than 6,000 years old
A

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
species change over time

A

not immutable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

average beak size may change from one generation to the next

A

microevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
lineages split and diverge

A

speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

speciation

A

lineages may split and diverge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
over long periods of time, novel forms of life can be derived from earlier forms

A

macroevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
species are dervied not independently but from common (shared) ancestors

A

genealogically related = common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Theory of Evolution: Descent with Modification:
age of Earth

A

more than 6,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A
  1. microevolution
  2. speciation
  3. macroevolution
  4. common ancestry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

change in gene frequency within a population and can be observed over short periods of time

A

microevolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

microevolution

A

change in gene frequency within a population and can be observed over short periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

example of microevolution

A

evolution of antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Evidence of microevolution

A
  1. selective breeding
  2. direct obervation of natural populations
  3. anatomy of living species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  • also known as artificial selection
  • the practice of mating individuals with desired traits as a means of increasing the frequency of those traits in a population
A

Selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

artificial selection

A

breeders chooses only individuals with the most desirable traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • small herb tht depends on a rainy season that runs from winter to spring
  • individuals germinate, grow, flower, set seed, and die within a single year
  • evolved flowering time
A

field mustard, Brassica rapa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In mid-1990s, seasonal rains lasted into late spring

A

long growing season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In early 2000s, seasonal rains ended early

A

short growing season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

useless of rudementary version of a body part that has an important function in other, closely allied, species

A

vestigial structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

example of animals with vestigial structures

A
  1. brown kiwi, wings
  2. royal python, spur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

small fish that lives in coastal ocean waters throughout the Northern Hemisphere and readily invades freshwater

A

threespine stickleback

30
Q

carry heaby body armor

A

marine sticklebacks

31
Q

bony plates protecting their sides and pelvic fins modified into spines

A

heavy body armor

32
Q

carry light armor

A

freshwater sticklebacks

33
Q

fewer bony plats, and reduced (vestigial) pelvic structures

A

light armor

34
Q

populations, or goups of populations, within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which they do not interbreed

A

species

35
Q

species are population within and among which individuals actually or potentially interbreed

A

Biological Species Concept

36
Q

who wrote the biological species concept

A

Ernst Mayr, 1942

37
Q

different species

A
  • disinclined to mate
  • fail to produce healthy, fertile offspring
38
Q

evidence of speciation

A
  1. evidence from laboraory experiments
  2. evidence from natural populations
39
Q

Evidence of speciation from lab experiments

A
  1. The case of bacteriophage Φ6
  2. The case of Drosophila pseudoobscura
40
Q

RNA virus that infects Pseudomonas syringae

A

Φ6

41
Q

what does Φ6 infect

A

Pseudomonas syringae

42
Q

can infect four different varieties of P. syringae

A

Φ6WT

43
Q

has a mutation in the P3 gene, which enables it to attach and infect another P. syringae variety and P. pseudoalcaligenes

A

Φ6broad

44
Q

mutation of Φ6broad

A

P3 gene

45
Q

what can Φ6broad infect

A
  • another P. syringae variety
  • P. pseudoalcaligenes
46
Q

strain that could no longer infect P. syringae but can infect P. pseudoalcaligenes

A

Φ6E1narrow

47
Q

Evidence of speciation from natural populations

A

The case of threespine stickleback

48
Q

4 stages of speciation

A
  1. speciation starts with a single population in which there is variation among individuals
  2. population divided into readily distinguishable subpopulations that still interbreed
  3. distinct populations with limited interbreeding
  4. distinct populations whose reproductive isolation is irreversible
49
Q

example of human diseases that originated in other animals

A
  1. diphtheria from domesticated herbivores
  2. measles from cattle
  3. smallpox from virus of rodents or camels
50
Q

generally refers to evolution above the species level

A

macroevolution

51
Q

Evidence of macroevolution

A
  1. fossil record - transitional forms
  2. a living transitional form
52
Q

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

A

fossil

53
Q

worldwide collection of fossils

A

fossil record

54
Q
  • published a list of 23 species known only from fossils to challenge the hypothesis that unusual forms in the fossil record would eventually be found alive
  • argued that it’s impossible for these enormous creatures to still live but escape detection –> extinction
A

George Cuvier

55
Q

fossil and living organisms in the same geographic region resemble each other, but are distinct from organisms found in other areas

A

succession

56
Q

shows a mix of traits typical of ancestral populations and novel traits seen later in descendants

A

transitional species

57
Q

occurs in species level wherein one species change into another by the process of evolution

A

transmutation

58
Q

all life-forms are related

A

common ancestry

59
Q

the theory of descent with modification ultimately connects all organisms to a single __ __

A

common ancestor

60
Q

Evidence of common ancestry

A

Homology

61
Q
  • fundamental similarities underlying the obvious physical differences among species
  • study of likeness
A

homology

62
Q

“homology is the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function”

A

Richard Owen

63
Q

inherited fundamental design from a common lineage/ancestor

A

structural homology

64
Q

similarities between species on the molecular level

A

Molecular homologies

65
Q

novel traits are shared in a __ __

A

nested pattern

66
Q

the theory of descent with modification from common ancestor predicts that __ __ should share __ __ of novel traits

A
  • extant organisms
  • nested sets
67
Q

can predict the order in which the traits should appear in the fossil record

A

nesting of shared traits

68
Q

molecular homology - ?

A

the case of shared flaws

69
Q
  • theory that Earth’s features are mostly accounted for by violent, large-scale events that occurred in a relatively short amount of time.
  • species that went extinct was probably killed off by a giant natural disaster.
A

Catastrophism

70
Q

idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past

A

uniformitarianism

71
Q

divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet

A

geologic time scale

72
Q

calculates an age in years for geologic materials by measuring the presence of a short-life radioactive

A

Radiometric dating

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions