Phylogenetic Tree / Evolutionary Tree

Question 1

• diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms
• hypotheses, not definitive facts

Answer 1

phylogenetic tree

Question 2

reflect how species or other groups evolved drom a series of common ancestors

Answer 2

pattern of branching

Question 3

have a more recent common ancestor

Answer 3

more related

Question 4

less recent common ancestor

Answer 4

less related

Question 5

history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

Answer 5

phylogeny

Question 6

tips of lines where the species or groups of interest are found at

Answer 6

branches

Question 7

branch point

Answer 7

internal node

Question 8

internal node represents a __ event

Answer 8

divergence

Question 9

divergence event

Answer 9

splitting apart of a single group into two descendant groups

Question 10

what lies at each branch point

Answer 10

most recent common ancestor

Question 11

inferred to be the oldest point in the tree and corresponds to the theoretical last common ancestor of all taxonomic units included in the tree

Answer 11

root of the phylogenetic tree

Question 12

branch point that has three or more different species coming off of it

Answer 12

polytomy

Question 13

what do scientist compare to generate phylogenetic trees

Answer 13

1. external morphology
2. internal anatomy
3. behaviors
4. biochemical pathways
5. DNA and protein sequences
6. characteristics of fossils

Question 14

in building a tree, we organize species into nested groups based on shared __ __

Answer 14

derived traits

Question 15

what are derived traits

Answer 15

traits different from those of the group’s ancestor

Question 16

evolutionary trait that is homologous within groups of organisms that are all descended from a common ancestor in which the trait first evolved

Answer 16

ancestral traits

Question 17

species that is more distantly related to the species of interest than they are to one another

Answer 17

outgroup

Question 18

choose the tree that requires the fewest independent genetic events (appearances or disapperances of traits) to take place

Answer 18

parsimony

Question 19

features that reflect shared ancestry

Answer 19

homologous features

Question 20

features that are similar but arose independently

Answer 20

analogous features

Question 21

how do analogous features arise

Answer 21

convergent evolution

Question 22

tool that has revolutionized phylogenetic analysis

Answer 22

DNA sequencing

Question 23

genes that are evolutionarily related

Answer 23

orthologous genes

Question 24

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Answer 24

sister taxa

Question 25

development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin

Answer 25

homoplasies

Question 26

evolutionary change of features within a single lineage (species)

Answer 26

anagenesis

Question 27

branching of lineage into two or more descendant lineages

Answer 27

cladogenesis

Question 28

segement in tree which may split at an internal branch point or node

Answer 28

lineage/ branch

Question 29

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Answer 29

clade/ monophyletic group

Question 30

two clades that originate from a common ancestor

Answer 30

sister groups

Question 31

root of the tree

Answer 31

most recent common ancestor (MRCA)

Question 32

grouping consists of an ancestral species and SOME of its descendants

Answer 32

paraphyletic group

Question 33

grouping consists of various species that LACK a common ancestor

Answer 33

polyphyletic group

Question 34

character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Answer 34

shared ancestral character
- plesiomorphy

Question 35

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Answer 35

shared derived character
- apomorphy

Question 36

two types of apomorphy

Answer 36

1. autapomorphy
2. synapomorphy

Question 37

trait found only in one taxon, but not found in any others or outgroup taxa, not even those most closely related to the focal taxon

Answer 37

autapomorphy

Question 38

derived trait shared by two or more groups

Answer 38

synapomorphy

Question 39

assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events is the most likely

Answer 39

maximum parsimony