POSSIBLE EXAM QUESTIONS Flashcards
What are glial cells?
Name 4 types of glial cells and their functions.
Name 2 glial cell disorders.
Glial cells support the function of neurons.
4 types of glial cells:
Astrocytes- attach to neurons and interact with them.
Microglia- phagocytes during times of inflammation and stress.
Schwann cells- surround axons
and form myelin sheaths around them.
Satellite cells- surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
Disorders:
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinsons disease
Name and describe 3 meninges
Pia mater- delicate inner layer
Arachnoid- weblike middle layer filled with fluid that cushions the brain.
Dura mater- tough outer layer.
What are antibiotics and How do antibiotics work
Antibiotics are a chemical substance that kills or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis- penicillin.
Inhibition of protein synthesis-tetracycline.
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis- quinolones.
Disruption of cell membrane function- polymyxin.
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms
1.Drug inactivation-beta lactamase (penicillin resistance)
2.Alteration of drug target- mutation in the DNA gyrase (resistance to quinolones)
3.Drug entry barrier- loss of porin (carbapenem resistance)
4.Drug efflux- pumping out tetracycline or fluconazole.
What does Horizontal Gene Transfer mean and what are the 3 mechanisms
Horizontal gene transfer is the process which an organism incorporates genetic material from anther organism without being the offspring of the donor organism.
Transduction: Bacterial phages incorporate some fragments of bacterial DNA into its own genome and will transfer it when it infects a new cell.
Transformation: When a bacteria dies it releases DNA, the cells nearby that are becoming competent will take up the DNA from the environment.
Conjugation: Bacteria release pheromones, a receptor will pick up those pheromones and make a sex pilus.
Parotid salivary gland
Name the anatomical location of the parotid salivary gland?
What are the 2 lobes?
Name 4 structure in the parotid salivary gland?
Name the duct and where it enters the mouth?
Nerve supply of the parotid salivary gland????
Name 2 conditions that affect the parotid salivary gland?
The parotid salivary gland is the largest gland, it is encapsulated and produces serous salivary gland.
The parotid salivary gland extends from the zygomatic arch to the ramus of the mandible, anterior to the external ear.
It has a superficial lobe and a deep lobe.
The superficial lobe is between the masseter and the skin.
The deep lobe is posterior to the ramus of the mandible, inferior to the ear.
It encloses the facial nerve, the auriculotemporal nerve, the maxillary artery and the retromandibular vein.
It has the parotid duct that arises from the anterior part of the superficial lobe and travels over the masseter muscle, pierce the buccinator muscle and enters the mouth usually next to the 2nd maxillary molar, parotid papilla marks the orifice.
Conditions of the parotid salivary gland are mumps and tumors,
these appear differently, mumps is a swelling behind the ear and is usually bi-lateral. the patient may have fever. tumors are a hard bony unilateral growth, that can be asymptomatic for the first stage but can get painful at later stages.
Name the anatomical location of the submandibular gland?
What are the 2 lobes?
Name the duct and where it enters the mouth?
Nerve supply???
Name 2 conditions that affect the submandibular gland?
Submandibular salivary gland is the 2nd largest gland and is encapsulated, it produces 60-65% of saliva total. mixed saliva. (serous and mucous)
The submandibular gland is at the posterior part of the floor of the mouth, near the angle of the mandible. It occupies the submandibular fossa.
There is a deep lobe and a superficial lobe.
The superficial lobe lies superficially to the mylohyoid muscle.
The deep lobe wraps around the posterior border of the muscle.
The submandibular duct runs along the mylohyoid muscle and enters the mouth at the sublingual caruncle.
Nerve supply is from the lingual nerve.
Conditions of the submandibular gland- salivary calculus and tumors.
Name the anatomical location of the sublingual gland?
Name the 2 ducts and where they enter the mouth?
Nerve supply???
Condition that affects the sublingual gland?
Sublingual nerve is the smallest gland, it is unencapsulated, produces mainly mucous saliva. located anterior part of floor of the mouth, inferior to the mucosa, superior to the mylohyoid muscle. Occupies the sublingual fossa.
The sublingual duct enters the mouth at the sublingual caruncle.
The rivinus ducts enter the mouth at the sublingual folds.
Condition: Ranula.
Where are the minor salivary glands in the oral cavity?
Buccal mucosa
Lingual mucosa
Labial mucosa
Floor of the mouth
Pterygomandibular space
Location..
Spaces communicated with..
Contains..
Clinical importance..
The pterygomandibular space is located in the infratemporal fossa, between the parotid salivary gland, the medial pterygoid muscle, the pterygomandibular raphe and the ramus of the mandible. It communicates with the submandibular space, parapharyngeal space, the retromandibular space and the mediastinum.
It contains the inferior alveolar nerve, vein and artery. The sphenomandibular ligament and the lingual nerve.
This tissue space is important because it is the only space to inject the local anaesthetic to numb the inferior alveolar nerve when giving an inferior block injection.
Infratemporal fossa..
Location..
Contains..
Clinical importance???
The infratemporal fossa is located..
Inferior to the infratemporal crest.
Medial to the masseter muscle and mandibular ramus.
Posterior to the maxillary tuberosity.
Contains the Maxillary artery and branches -inferior alveolar artery and posterior superior alveolar artery, pterygoid venous plexus. The inferior part of the temporalis muscle and the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.
Clinical significance is that if the needle in over inserted during the PSA (posterior superior alveolar injection) it could cause bleeding into this space and cause patient to have black bruising around eye.
Plaque development-
Draw diagram in exam
Start- Clean enamel surface.
2 seconds- Pellicle formation
1 minute- Pioneer bacteria.
2 hours- microcolonies and extracellular polysaccharide.
2 hours onwards-biofilm development.
48 hours- mature plaque.
Nerve supply to teeth and surrounding tissues.
-Refer to table.
Buccal and tooth maxillary
13-23 anterior superior alveolar nerve.
14, 15, 24, 25- middle superior alveolar nerve.
16-18 & 26-28 - posterior superior alveolar nerve.
Palatal gingivae-
13-23- nasopalatine nerve.
14-18 & 24-28- greater palatine nerve
Mandible-
Buccal-
34-44 mental nerve
35-38 & 45-48 buccal nerve
Tooth-
34-44 incisive nerve
45-38 & 45-48 inferior alveolar nerve.
Lingual nerve for full lingual surface.
Describe the tongue including
Parts of the tongue
Surfaces
papillae
Nerve supply
Lymphatic drainage
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
The tongue consists of the apex which is the tip, the body which is the anterior 2/3 and the base which is the posterior 1/3.
The top surface of the tongue is called the dorsal surface, the under surface of the tongue is called the ventral surface and the side surfaces of the tongue is called the lateral surface.
There is 4 types of papillae, filiform lingual papillae which is most numerous and aids in handling food, fungiform lingual papillae which is red in colour and contains taste buds, circumvallate lingual papillae that is located in a V shape along the sulcus terminalis and contains tastebuds and foliate papillae which is found on the lateral surface of the tongue, is most prominent in children and contains tastebuds.
Nerve supply to the tongue for the anterior 2/3 for general sensation is the lingual nerve of CNV, for special sensation it is Chorda tympani nerve of CNV11.
For the base of the tongue the general sensation and special sensation is innervated by the CN1X.
For the most posterior part it is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve of CNX.
For lymphatic drainage-
The apex- submental to the submandibular and deep cervical lymph nodes.
The body drains into the submandibular lymph nodes then to the superior deep cervical lymph nodes.
The base drains into the superior deep cervical lymph nodes then to the inferior deep cervical lymph nodes.
Intrinsic muscles-
Vertical- broadens and flattens
Transverse- narrow and elongate
Superior longitudinal- turn tip and edges upwards.
Inferior longitudinal- turn tip and edges downwards.
Extrinsic-
Styloglossus muscle- elevates the tongue
Hyoglossus muscle- depress the tongue.
Genioglossus muscle- Protrusion
Palatoglossus muscle-Elevates the base of the tongue.
All innervated by the hypoglossal nerve except Palatoglossus innervated by vagus nerve.
Facial pathway
Originates from the PONS-MEDULLA junction in the brainstem.
Passes through the INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS to leave the cranial cavity.
Goes through the FACIAL CANAL in the temporal bone.
Exits skull through the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN.
