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Neuroethology > Polyandry > Flashcards

Polyandry Flashcards

1
Q

What is polyandry

A

Female receptive to and/or actively mating with multiple males

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2
Q

What seeks to prevent polyandry and how helpful it is

A

Mate guarding may prevent in some cases, but not all

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3
Q

What are two reasons why polyandry is adaptive for females?

A

They invest much more in the egg and parental care
They dictate the terms of mating in most cases

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4
Q

What are the three genetic/indirect benefits of polyandry

A
  1. Fertility insurance hypothesis
  2. Good genes hypothesis
  3. Genetic compatibility hypothesis
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5
Q

What is fertility insurance hypothesis

A

Mating with several males reduces risk of some eggs remaining unfertilized because any one male may not have sufficient sperm to do the job

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6
Q

What is good genes hypothesis

A

A female mates with more than one male because her social partner is of lower genetic quality than other potential sperm donors, whose genes will improve offspring viability or sexual attractiveness

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7
Q

What is genetic compatibility hypothesis

A

Mating with several males increases the genetic variety of sperm available to the female, increasing the chance that some sperm will have DNA that is an especially good match the the DNA of her eggs

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8
Q

What are four material or direct benefits of polyandry

A
  1. More resources hypothesis
  2. More care hypothesis
  3. Better protection hypothesis
  4. Infanticide reduction hypothesis
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9
Q

What is the more resources hypothesis

A

More mates mean more resources received from sexual partners

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10
Q

What is the more care hypothesis

A

More mates mean more caregivers recruited for offspring

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11
Q

What is the better protection hypothesis

A

More mates mean more time with protectors who keep other males from sexually harassing female

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12
Q

What is the infanticide reduction hypothesis

A

More mates mean greater confusion about paternity of females offspring and thus less likelihood of losing offspring to infanticidal males

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13
Q

What is the team approach

A

Single female assembles team of males who aid in defending territory and or gathering food, building nest, rearing young

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14
Q

What is the advantage of the team approach for males

A

Better chance to mate by being part of a team

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15
Q

What are extra pair matings

A

Female has stable social partner, but engages in extra pair matings with other females

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16
Q

What are the risks of extra pair matings

A

Detection by social partner and rejection
Time and energy spent finding a suitable male
Sexually transmitted disease

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17
Q

What does detection by social partner and rejection lead to

A

Loss of parental care by this social partner

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18
Q

What is the degree of polyandry in species related to

A

Measure of white blood cells

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19
Q

Why do superb fairy-wren vary in their reproductive success

A

Differences in number of offspring they have with females other than their social partners

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20
Q

Describe polyandrous female duck copulation tendencies

A

Female polyandrous ducks copulate more often with males that spend less time with them

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21
Q

What is the fertility insurance hypothesis

A

Polyandry protects against infertile males, ensures investment in egg production does not go to waste

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22
Q

What evidence from birds supports fertility insurance hypothesis

A

Eggs more likely to hatch in polyandrous blackbirds
In species where sperm degrades quickly, multiple matings prolong fertility

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23
Q

What evidence from prairie dogs supports fertility insurance hypothesis

A

100% of polyandrous females become pregnant, only 92% of monogamous females become pregnant

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24
Q

Describe the grey foam nest treefrog’s mating style

A

Lay clutches of eggs that may be fertilized by 1-12 males. Offspring of polyandrous females are more likely to survive than those of females mated to only one male

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25
Q

What is the good gene hypothesis

A

Polyandry leads to better offspring survival

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26
Q

What are the two components of the good gene hypothesis

A

Behavioral difference
Survival of infancy

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27
Q

Describe good gene hypothesis behavioral difference

A

Guppies born to monogamous mothers didnt form schools but wandered off alone (dangerous)

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28
Q

Describe good gene hypothesis survival of infancy

A

Wild guinea pig pups born to polyandrous mothers were less likely to be stillborn and to survive through weaning

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29
Q

What is the polyandrous guppie proximate observation for good gene hypothesis

A

Male with better courtship display fertilizes more eggs than the other

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30
Q

What is the female bird proximate observation for good gene hypothesis

A

Female birds that seek extra-pair copulations choose males that mold early (sign of good condition)

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31
Q

What is the older male procimate observation for good gene hypothesis

A

Older males demonstrating ability to stay alive are also a good source of genes in some songbirds

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32
Q

What ties all of the proximate observations for the good gene hypothesis together

A

Traits in fathers can be passed on to sons

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33
Q

What was the first bug mating experiment

A

Two males competed for same female. Loser given different female to mate with so the sons could be compared

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34
Q

What were the results of the first bug mating experiment

A

The sons of successful bugs had more matings than sons of unsuccessful bugs

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35
Q

What was the second bug mating experiment

A

Two males competed for a mate, then both were given a different, random female to mate with. Rule out any contribution of the courtship ritual on the female side to the success of the sons

36
Q

What were the results of the second bug mating experiment

A

Sons of successful bugs had more total matings than the sons of unsuccessful bugs

37
Q

What is the basis of gene matching

A

Not all alleles are compatible

38
Q

What was the chickens in vitro experiment

A

Sperm of two males mized and used to fertilize multiple females’ eggs
No clear winner in these experiments
Conclude that chickens possess an internal mechanism to pick the sperm that are most complementary or lead to the most heterozygosity
Avoid embryonic lethality

39
Q

Describe scorpions in terms of gene matching

A

Scorpions reject the spermatophore of males she has previously mated with but not new males

40
Q

How does ant hive size relate to colony diversity

A

Bigger hives form more diverse work force with better disease resistance and larger brood

41
Q

Describe the difference between single insemination queen colonies and poly-inseminated queen colonies

A

Single insemination - colonies did not survive the winter
Poly insemination - 25% of colony survived the winter

42
Q

What is the major histocompatibility locus important in

A

Immune function

43
Q

What may the major histocompatibility locus be the proximate mechanism for

A

Detecting genetic compatibility

44
Q

Why may the major histocompatibility locus be the proximate mechanism for detecting genetic compatibility

A

Humans, primates, reptiles, and possibly birds who mate with partners having the same MHC haplotype suffer reduced fertility and offspring survival

45
Q

What are the two ways in which we could ascertain the MHC compatibility

A

Pre-mating
At/near fertilization

46
Q

How could pre-mating ascertain the MHC compatibility

A

Region contains genes encoding polymorphic olfactory receptors
Animals and humans prefer the odor of MHC-dissimilar individuals

47
Q

How could at/near fertilization ascertain the MHC compatibility

A

MHC similarities/homozygosites can be non-viable so eggs fertilized by genetically similar sperm dont survive

48
Q

Describe the preference for MHC haplotype

A

No preference for any one haplotype, just a difference

49
Q

What four strategies have evolved for polygyny

A

Female defense polygyny
Resource defense polygyny
Lek polygyny
Scramble competition polygyny

50
Q

What are the three factors that determine whether polygyny is used

A

Female distribution
Food availability
Territory size

51
Q

What is female defense polygyny

A

Females in groups are easy for a male to dominate and monopolize, relative to many dispersed females

52
Q

Describe polygyny in mammals where females live in groups

A

Always polygynous

53
Q

What three species have females that are always polygynous

A

Lions
Bighorn sheep
Gorillas

54
Q

What is the key element of female defense polygyny following

A

Females, not nests of territories

55
Q

What do males in Montezuma oropendolas populations attempt to do

A

Monopolize females in small colonies of nesting females

56
Q

What happens as Montezuma oropendolas colony size increases

A

Mating attempts are often disrupted by rivals

57
Q

What happens as the result of mating attempt disruptions in montezume oropendolas colonies

A

Frequency of copulations per hour at the colony site decreases

58
Q

What is resource defense polygyny

A

Females dont live together, but visit a resource on a regular basis. Mate controls resource, gets access to many visiting females

59
Q

What are three types of resources that males control in populations utilizing resource defense polygyny

A

Floating vegetation
Rotting bark
Rotting fruit

60
Q

What is a defensible resource

A

Any safe place to lay eggs

61
Q

How does the number of male barking treefrogs relate to the number of mating female barking treefrogs

A

As number of males increases, number of mating females increases

62
Q

Describe the basis of the polygyny threshold model

A

Polygyny threshold is the resource level at which she has more to gain by mating with a polygynist on a good territory than a monogamous male on a poor territory

63
Q

Describe the prediction in the polygyny threshold model

A

Female should have same fitness with either type of male if territory is constant

64
Q

Describe the first test in the polygyny threshold model

A

Count fledged hatchlings of a songbird that has males that can attract one or two females per seasons

65
Q

Describe the results of the first test in the polygyny threshold model

A

1.3 vs 1.6 fledged young (poly vs mono)

66
Q

Describe the second test in the polygyny threshold model

A

Manipulate habitat so polygynous male is preferable to monogamous male

67
Q

Describe the results of the second test in the polygyny threshold model

A

Red winged blackbird females pick male with best territory, even if she becomes part of a harem (2x better reproductive success)

68
Q

What is scramble competition

A

Females/resources are widely distributed, male territory defense doesnt male sense. Searching then becomes the primary method

69
Q

What does scramble competition require

A

Different set of abilities - perceptual, endurance, etc

70
Q

What two species partake in scramble competition

A

Fireflies and squirrels

71
Q

How does the time searching for female from male thirteen-lined ground squirrel vary when (1) esterous female is removed or (2) control female is removed

A

More time searching when estrous female is removed

72
Q

How does the number of visits from male thirteen-lined ground squirrels vary when (1) estrous female removed or (2) control female removed

A

More visits when estrous female is removed

73
Q

What area of the brain is thought to be depended on in thirteen-lined ground squirrels in terms of mating and why

A

Hippocampal dependence - Spatial memory for where male interacted with soon-to-be fertile females

74
Q

Describe hippocampal volume of polygynous voles

A

Sexually dimorphic hippocampal volume

75
Q

Describe maze performance on reproductively active polygynous vole males

A

Outperform females on mazes

76
Q

Describe the home ranges of polygynous male voles

A

Males have larger home ranges than females or immature males, and expand their home range during breeding season

77
Q

What does size of home range correlate with

A

Spatial ability

78
Q

Describe the tendencies of lekking species

A

Males gather in groups to display for females, with each male defending a small area of the lek

79
Q

What are the three hypotheses for congregation in leks

A

Hotspot: males go to territory where females go
Hotshot: males go where dominant male goes
Female preference for sites with multiple males

80
Q

Elaborate on the hotshot hypothesis

A

Male decoys attract both male and females (especially when they are very elaborate, attractive male decoys)
Lek sites change over time
Removal of populate male leads to lek dispersal

81
Q

Describe the female uganda kob alek aggregation

A

Female uganda kob do not aggregate disproportionately at leks with large number of males

82
Q

What is female uganda job attendence at leks proportional to

A

Number of males displaying there

83
Q

What is the result of female uganda kob attendence being proportional to number of males

A

female to male ratio does not increase as lek size increases

84
Q

Describe bat success at leks

A

6% of males sire 80% of the progeny

85
Q

Describe mamakin success at lek

A

One male sired 75% of the progeny, a second 13%, and the rest 12%

86
Q

Describe the dispersal of mating success at lek

A

Males at center have more mating success

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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