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Mating Systems: Monogamy Flashcards

1
Q

What are three monagomous species

A

Prairies Voles
Red backed spiders
Honeybee drones

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2
Q

What are the six reasons for monogamy

A

Mate guarding hypothesis
Distribution of females in ecosystem
Mate assistance hypothesis
Female enforced monogamy
Density of females
Timing of fertility

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3
Q

What are the two methods of mate guarding

A

Physically or posthumously

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4
Q

What is the purpose of mate assistance hypothesis (general)

A

Parental care and protection of offspring

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5
Q

Which species uses female enforced monogamy

A

Burying beetle

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6
Q

How do burying beetle females enforce monogamy

A

release pheromones that deter other females from approaching their mate. As the duration of female pheromone emission increases, number of males approached by other females decreases

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7
Q

What is an animal that exhibits mate assistance

A

California mouse

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8
Q

How does male presence impact the offspring of California mice

A

Male presence has no effect on number of offspring born, but significantly more offspring emerge from the nest when the male is present

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9
Q

What are the two typical purposes of mate guarding in mammals

A

Prevent female from partnering with another male
Prevent attackts from infanticidal males

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10
Q

What is additional the role of mate guarding in species that travel with young

A

Offspring are more vulnerable, so more monogamous pairings are frequently exhibited

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11
Q

How is monogamy exhibited in birds

A

Most species form male-female pairs for 1+ breeding seasons

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12
Q

What role to males play in bird parenting

A

Males provide food, help incubate eggs, and defend nest and territory

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13
Q

What is the benefit of male monogamy in birds

A

Male monogamy/parental care increases success of offspring (more leave nest)

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14
Q

When is male parental care/monogamy only advantageous in birds

A

When male only aids in the development of HIS genetic offspring

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15
Q

Which bird species is it 100% true that male parental care is only advantageous when caring for HIS genetic offspring, and how does this theory hold with other birds

A

True for loons and bluejays
Not true for 90% of all bird species

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16
Q

How is it tested whether or not fathering another males offspring is advantageous

A

Microsatellite analysis
In the blue fairy wren, 1/3 offspring were fathered by a neighbor, but reared by the social partner

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17
Q

What are the four hypotheses for monogamy

A

Mate limitation hypothesis
Mate guarding hypothesis
Mate assistance hypothesis
Infanticide hypothesis

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18
Q

Mate limitation hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when potential mates dont form groups, roam widely, and are costly to locate

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19
Q

Mate guarding hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when individuals restrict the mating behavior of their partner

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20
Q

Mate assistance hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when resources are so critical to successful reproduction that biparenting is necessary

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21
Q

Infanticide hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when theres high risk of infanticide - partner can provide protection against infanticidal males

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22
Q

What hormones mediate monogamous behavior in voles

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

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23
Q

Describe the density layout of oxytocin receptors (OTR) in prairie voles

A

Monogamous prairie voles have higher OTR densities in Nucleus Accumbens and Caudate Putamen than nonmonogamous montane voles. Both species have OTR in prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

Describe the density layout of V1aR receptors (vasopressin receptors) in prairie voles

A

Male prarie voles have higher densities of V1aR in the ventral pallidum than male montane voles

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25
How can you block partner-preference formation in female prairie voles
Infuse selective OTR bilaterally into Nucleus accumbens or prefrontal cortex but not caudate putamen
26
How can you prevent mating-induced partner-preference formation in male prairie voles
Infuse selective V1aR antagonist into the ventral pallidum, but not the mediodorsal thalamus or medial amygdala
27
What is the V1aR antagonist
V1aRA
28
What is the OTR antagonist
OTA
29
Describe the social difference between prairie voles and meadow voles
Prairie voles - highly social, seek physical contact Meadow voles - antisocial, avoid contact with conspecifics
30
In a choice test, who do bonded and non-bonded prairie voles and choose to spend their time with
Pair bonded prairie voles spend majority of time in the cage where their familiar partner is Non-pair bonded voles may spend time with either stimulus animal
31
What is the VTA important for
VTA is an important catecholamine source
32
What do anterograde tracers injected into the VTA show
Projections to the nucleus accumbens
33
What do pharmacological manipulations in the VTA show and how is this indicated
Altered neuronal activation in the nucleus accumbens. This is indicated by fos immunoreactivity.
34
What does tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining show
Catecholaminergic innervation in the nucleus accumbens co-localized with markers for dopamine circuitry (such as dopamine transporter and D1/D2 receptor binding)
35
What is the general relation between the Nucleus Accumbens and the VTA
NAc receives input from VTA and is less active when VTA is inhibited
36
Describe the affiliation between prairie voles that have cohabited for 6 hours without mating and what is this useful for
Display non-specific affiliation. Useful for testing the effects of manipulations designed to induce pair bonds
37
What happens when males are vehicle trated
Show no preference for the partner vs the stranger
38
What happens when Low doses of a non-specific dopamine receptor agonist are infused into the NAcc in male prairie voles
Partner preferences induced
39
What happens when high doses of a non-specific dopamine receptor agonist are infused into the NAcc in male prairie voles
no partner preferences induced
40
What was the dopamine receptor agonist used in the male prairie vole experiment
Apomorphine
41
What happens when D2 receptors are activated in male prairie voles
Partner preference induced, only when injected into the NAcc shell
42
What was the drug used to activate D2 receptors in male prairie voles
Quinpirole
43
What happened when D2 neurons were activated in the NAcc core, or D2 receptors were activated in the NAcc shell
No altered affiliative behavior
44
What happened when voles were paired for 24 hours with ad libitum mating and what is this paradigm useful for
Preference for familiar partner was displayed. Useful for testing the effects of manipulations designed to inhibit pair bonds
45
What happened with vehicle treated males
Display robust partner preference
46
What happens when D2 receptors are blocked or D1 receptors are activated in prairie vole males
No partner preference
47
What chemical was used to block D2 receptors in prairie vole study
Eticlopride
48
What drug was used to activate D1 receptors in prairie vole study
SKF38393
49
What happens when males bonded for 2 weeks are confronted with a stranger
High levels of antagonist behavior and low levels of affiliative behavior displayed
50
What happens to male prairie voles when D1 receptors in NAcc are blocked, and a stranger is introduced after 2 weeks of bonding
Low levels of antagonist behavior and high levels of affiliative behavior displayed
51
How does D2 receptor activation impact pair bonds
Promotes and is necessary for pair bonding
52
How does D1 receptor activation impact pair bonds
No effect or blocks pair bonding, depending on whether male has mated or not
53
What happens if D1 receptors are inhibited in the male after a pair is established
Reduced attacks and increased affiliation toward female stranger
54
What difference in DA receptors is seen in promiscuous male voles
Higher D2 and D1 receptor binding in the NAcc
55
What is the impact of D1 receptors in females
D1 receptors increase in females after bonding, making them more aggressive toward females and reject other males
56
What hypothesis is raised about KOR activation
If KOR activation is downstream of D1-like receptor activation, then activation of KORs despite pharmacological blockage of D1-like receptors should still result in expression of selective aggression. Pharmacological manipulations that would result in KOR activation, such as administration of a D1-like antagonist in the absence of OR agonist or administration of a KOR antagonist in the presence of a D1-like receptor agonist, should attenuate the expression of selevtive aggression
57
According to the KOR hypothesis, what is the role of NAc shell D1-like receptors
Activation of NAc shell D1-like receptors is required for the expression of selective aggression in both sexes, possibly due to D1-like receptor mediated activation of the dynorphin/KOR system
58
What 2 things are D2 receptor polymorphisms associated with in humans
Negative parenting perceptions Social phobias
59
What is the D4 receptor in humans similar to
D2-inhibit cAMP
60
What is the D4 receptor associated with in humans
Disorganized mother-infant attachment
61
What will not work to block partner-preference formation in female prairie voles
Infusing bilateral OTR agonist in caudate putamen

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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