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Neuroethology > Mating Systems: Monogamy > Flashcards

Mating Systems: Monogamy Flashcards

1
Q

What are three monagomous species

A

Prairies Voles
Red backed spiders
Honeybee drones

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2
Q

What are the six reasons for monogamy

A

Mate guarding hypothesis
Distribution of females in ecosystem
Mate assistance hypothesis
Female enforced monogamy
Density of females
Timing of fertility

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3
Q

What are the two methods of mate guarding

A

Physically or posthumously

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4
Q

What is the purpose of mate assistance hypothesis (general)

A

Parental care and protection of offspring

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5
Q

Which species uses female enforced monogamy

A

Burying beetle

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6
Q

How do burying beetle females enforce monogamy

A

release pheromones that deter other females from approaching their mate. As the duration of female pheromone emission increases, number of males approached by other females decreases

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7
Q

What is an animal that exhibits mate assistance

A

California mouse

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8
Q

How does male presence impact the offspring of California mice

A

Male presence has no effect on number of offspring born, but significantly more offspring emerge from the nest when the male is present

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9
Q

What are the two typical purposes of mate guarding in mammals

A

Prevent female from partnering with another male
Prevent attackts from infanticidal males

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10
Q

What is additional the role of mate guarding in species that travel with young

A

Offspring are more vulnerable, so more monogamous pairings are frequently exhibited

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11
Q

How is monogamy exhibited in birds

A

Most species form male-female pairs for 1+ breeding seasons

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12
Q

What role to males play in bird parenting

A

Males provide food, help incubate eggs, and defend nest and territory

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13
Q

What is the benefit of male monogamy in birds

A

Male monogamy/parental care increases success of offspring (more leave nest)

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14
Q

When is male parental care/monogamy only advantageous in birds

A

When male only aids in the development of HIS genetic offspring

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15
Q

Which bird species is it 100% true that male parental care is only advantageous when caring for HIS genetic offspring, and how does this theory hold with other birds

A

True for loons and bluejays
Not true for 90% of all bird species

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16
Q

How is it tested whether or not fathering another males offspring is advantageous

A

Microsatellite analysis
In the blue fairy wren, 1/3 offspring were fathered by a neighbor, but reared by the social partner

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17
Q

What are the four hypotheses for monogamy

A

Mate limitation hypothesis
Mate guarding hypothesis
Mate assistance hypothesis
Infanticide hypothesis

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18
Q

Mate limitation hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when potential mates dont form groups, roam widely, and are costly to locate

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19
Q

Mate guarding hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when individuals restrict the mating behavior of their partner

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20
Q

Mate assistance hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when resources are so critical to successful reproduction that biparenting is necessary

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21
Q

Infanticide hypothesis

A

Monogamy evolves when theres high risk of infanticide - partner can provide protection against infanticidal males

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22
Q

What hormones mediate monogamous behavior in voles

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

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23
Q

Describe the density layout of oxytocin receptors (OTR) in prairie voles

A

Monogamous prairie voles have higher OTR densities in Nucleus Accumbens and Caudate Putamen than nonmonogamous montane voles. Both species have OTR in prefrontal cortex

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24
Q

Describe the density layout of V1aR receptors (vasopressin receptors) in prairie voles

A

Male prarie voles have higher densities of V1aR in the ventral pallidum than male montane voles

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25
Q

How can you block partner-preference formation in female prairie voles

A

Infuse selective OTR bilaterally into Nucleus accumbens or prefrontal cortex but not caudate putamen

26
Q

How can you prevent mating-induced partner-preference formation in male prairie voles

A

Infuse selective V1aR antagonist into the ventral pallidum, but not the mediodorsal thalamus or medial amygdala

27
Q

What is the V1aR antagonist

A

V1aRA

28
Q

What is the OTR antagonist

A

OTA

29
Q

Describe the social difference between prairie voles and meadow voles

A

Prairie voles - highly social, seek physical contact
Meadow voles - antisocial, avoid contact with conspecifics

30
Q

In a choice test, who do bonded and non-bonded prairie voles and choose to spend their time with

A

Pair bonded prairie voles spend majority of time in the cage where their familiar partner is
Non-pair bonded voles may spend time with either stimulus animal

31
Q

What is the VTA important for

A

VTA is an important catecholamine source

32
Q

What do anterograde tracers injected into the VTA show

A

Projections to the nucleus accumbens

33
Q

What do pharmacological manipulations in the VTA show and how is this indicated

A

Altered neuronal activation in the nucleus accumbens. This is indicated by fos immunoreactivity.

34
Q

What does tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining show

A

Catecholaminergic innervation in the nucleus accumbens
co-localized with markers for dopamine circuitry (such as dopamine transporter and D1/D2 receptor binding)

35
Q

What is the general relation between the Nucleus Accumbens and the VTA

A

NAc receives input from VTA and is less active when VTA is inhibited

36
Q

Describe the affiliation between prairie voles that have cohabited for 6 hours without mating and what is this useful for

A

Display non-specific affiliation. Useful for testing the effects of manipulations designed to induce pair bonds

37
Q

What happens when males are vehicle trated

A

Show no preference for the partner vs the stranger

38
Q

What happens when Low doses of a non-specific dopamine receptor agonist are infused into the NAcc in male prairie voles

A

Partner preferences induced

39
Q

What happens when high doses of a non-specific dopamine receptor agonist are infused into the NAcc in male prairie voles

A

no partner preferences induced

40
Q

What was the dopamine receptor agonist used in the male prairie vole experiment

A

Apomorphine

41
Q

What happens when D2 receptors are activated in male prairie voles

A

Partner preference induced, only when injected into the NAcc shell

42
Q

What was the drug used to activate D2 receptors in male prairie voles

A

Quinpirole

43
Q

What happened when D2 neurons were activated in the NAcc core, or D2 receptors were activated in the NAcc shell

A

No altered affiliative behavior

44
Q

What happened when voles were paired for 24 hours with ad libitum mating and what is this paradigm useful for

A

Preference for familiar partner was displayed. Useful for testing the effects of manipulations designed to inhibit pair bonds

45
Q

What happened with vehicle treated males

A

Display robust partner preference

46
Q

What happens when D2 receptors are blocked or D1 receptors are activated in prairie vole males

A

No partner preference

47
Q

What chemical was used to block D2 receptors in prairie vole study

A

Eticlopride

48
Q

What drug was used to activate D1 receptors in prairie vole study

A

SKF38393

49
Q

What happens when males bonded for 2 weeks are confronted with a stranger

A

High levels of antagonist behavior and low levels of affiliative behavior displayed

50
Q

What happens to male prairie voles when D1 receptors in NAcc are blocked, and a stranger is introduced after 2 weeks of bonding

A

Low levels of antagonist behavior and high levels of affiliative behavior displayed

51
Q

How does D2 receptor activation impact pair bonds

A

Promotes and is necessary for pair bonding

52
Q

How does D1 receptor activation impact pair bonds

A

No effect or blocks pair bonding, depending on whether male has mated or not

53
Q

What happens if D1 receptors are inhibited in the male after a pair is established

A

Reduced attacks and increased affiliation toward female stranger

54
Q

What difference in DA receptors is seen in promiscuous male voles

A

Higher D2 and D1 receptor binding in the NAcc

55
Q

What is the impact of D1 receptors in females

A

D1 receptors increase in females after bonding, making them more aggressive toward females and reject other males

56
Q

What hypothesis is raised about KOR activation

A

If KOR activation is downstream of D1-like receptor activation, then activation of KORs despite pharmacological blockage of D1-like receptors should still result in expression of selective aggression. Pharmacological manipulations that would result in KOR activation, such as administration of a D1-like antagonist in the absence of OR agonist or administration of a KOR antagonist in the presence of a D1-like receptor agonist, should attenuate the expression of selevtive aggression

57
Q

According to the KOR hypothesis, what is the role of NAc shell D1-like receptors

A

Activation of NAc shell D1-like receptors is required for the expression of selective aggression in both sexes, possibly due to D1-like receptor mediated activation of the dynorphin/KOR system

58
Q

What 2 things are D2 receptor polymorphisms associated with in humans

A

Negative parenting perceptions
Social phobias

59
Q

What is the D4 receptor in humans similar to

A

D2-inhibit cAMP

60
Q

What is the D4 receptor associated with in humans

A

Disorganized mother-infant attachment

61
Q

What will not work to block partner-preference formation in female prairie voles

A

Infusing bilateral OTR agonist in caudate putamen

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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