Evolution and Genetics

Question 1

What are the three aspects of darwinian theory?

Answer 1

Variation
Heredity
Individual difference in reproductive success

Question 2

What is the central dogma

Answer 2

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Question 3

What are the three aspects of gene expression?

Answer 3

Levels
Tissue
Sub-cellular localization

Question 4

Define levels of gene expression

Answer 4

Amount of transcript and protein produced

Question 5

Define tissue of gene expression

Answer 5

Where in the body transcription is occurring

Question 6

Define sub-cellular localization of gene expression

Answer 6

wHERE IN THE CELL THE PROTEIN IS FOUND

Question 7

what are at the two ends of mRNA

Answer 7

Poly-A tail and Cap

Question 8

What are the three Ribosome subunits

Answer 8

EPA

Question 9

What are codons

Answer 9

Set of three nucleotidesused for RNA processing in the ribosome

Question 10

What are anticodons

Answer 10

Set of three nucleotides brought over to the ribosome by the tRNA which correspond to the nucleotides on the mRNA

Question 11

What are transcription factors

Answer 11

Factors that bind to specific sequences of DNA to facilitate or inhibit the binding of RNA polymerase

Question 12

What is the HRE segment of DNA

Answer 12

Binding site for Nuclear Hormone Receptor transcription factors

Question 13

What are Nuclear Hormone Receptor transcription factors?

Answer 13

Receptors activated by hormones such as steroid or thyroid hormones, allowing them to influence gene expression

Question 14

How do nuclear hormone receptors work?

Answer 14

Hormone binds to receptor -> receptor has conformational change -> receptor binds to HRE sequence -> transcription regulated

Question 15

What are activators?

Answer 15

Transcription factors that bind to promotors to stimulate transcription of genes

Question 16

What are repressors?

Answer 16

Transcription factors that bind to silencers/operators to inhibit transcription of nearby genes

Question 17

What are coactivators?

Answer 17

Proteins that interact with transcription factors to enhance transcriptional activity of nearby genes

Question 18

What is the TATA box

Answer 18

Binding site for general transcription factors

Question 19

What is the purpose of binding of general transcription factors to the TATA box

Answer 19

Transcription initiation

Question 20

What is an example of a general transcription factor

Answer 20

RNA Polymerase 2

Question 21

What are the three types of mutations

Answer 21

Gain of function (rare)/Loss of function
Deletion/Insertion
Point change (substitution)

Question 22

What are the three types of point change mutations

Answer 22

Non-sense, missense, silent

Question 23

What is a point change mutation

Answer 23

Only one nucleotide is mutated

Question 24

What is a non-sense mutation

Answer 24

Premature stop codon

Question 25

What is a missense mutation

Answer 25

Change in one amino acid in the sequence

Question 26

What is a silent mutation

Answer 26

No effect on protein amino acid sequence

Question 27

What natural variation is seen in C. elegans, a small soil nematode

Answer 27

Social feeding behavior (feeding together; N2 England nematodes or separately; Hawaiaa nematodes)

Question 28

What gene is responsible for social feeding behavior

Answer 28

npr-1 neuropeptide receptorW

Question 29

what are the two alleles of npr-1 and what feeding behavior do they correspond to

Answer 29

N2-NPR 215V (solitary; England)
HW-NPR 215F (social; Hawaiia)

Question 30

What behavior do heterozygotes of NPR 215V/F gene exhibit

Answer 30

N2 (solitary feeding)

Question 31

What behavior do null mutants that lack NPR-1 function exhibit

Answer 31

HW (social feeding)

Question 32

What is the AVPR1A gene known for

Answer 32

Social behaviors, pair bonding, mating, aggression, and parenting