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Neuroethology > Neuro Review > Flashcards

Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

What ions are found primarily outside the cell?

A

Na+, Cl-

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2
Q

What ions are found primarily inside the cell?

A

K+, A-

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3
Q

Describe resting channel

A

Always open

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4
Q

Describe voltage-gated channel

A

Opens transiently in response to change in membrane potential

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5
Q

Describe ligand-gated channel

A

Opens in response to specific extracellular neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Describe signal-gated channel

A

Opens in response to specific intracellular molecule

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7
Q

Which ion flows into the cell?

A

Na+

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8
Q

Which ion flows out of the cell

A

K+

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9
Q

What (vaguely) is the resting membrane potential

A

Positive on outside, negative on inside

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential voltage

A

-70mV

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11
Q

What is the threshold for neuronal excitation

A

Slightly above -70mV

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12
Q

What is the first step of neuronal excitation

A

Na+ channel opens, Na+ begins to enter cell

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13
Q

What is the second step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell

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14
Q

What is the third step of neuronal excitation

A

Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters cell

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15
Q

What is the fourth step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level

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16
Q

What is the fifth step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset

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17
Q

What is the sixth step of neuronal excitation

A

Extra K+ outside the cell diffuses away

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18
Q

Describe the process for creating serotonin

A

Tryptophan -> 5-Hydroxytryptophan -> Tryptophan -> 5-Hydroxytryptomine

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19
Q

Where is the transmitting neuron (ex: serotonin) stored in the cell

A

In vesicles

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20
Q

How is transmitting neuron released

A

Exocytosis: Vesicle membrane fuses with cell membrane

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21
Q

What is the area between axon terminal and dendrite branch called

A

Synapse

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22
Q

What is the point of reuptake transporters

A

Bring extra neurotransmitters back into cell to be stored in vesicles for future use

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23
Q

What are the 7 classic neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

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24
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of classic neurotransmitters

A

Synthesized by enzyme
Stored in vesicles
Regional specificity
Secreted factors
Bind receptor
Produce effect in target cell
Degradation/uptake

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25
Q

What two characteristics allow a classic neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor

A

Specific and saturable

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26
Q

What are the 7 novel neurotransmitters (split into four categories)

A

Endocannabinoid, lipids
Peptides
NO, CO gasses
Adenosine, ATP nucleosides

27
Q

Describe endocannabinoid/lipid neurotransmitters

A

Produced on demand and act presynaptically

28
Q

Describe peptide neurotransmitters

A

Produced from genes, processed in vesicles by enzymes

29
Q

Describe NO, CO gasses

A

Short-lived, diffusible across membranes

30
Q

Describe adenosine, ATP nucleoside neurotransmitters

A

Very short lived

31
Q

What are the 4 components of the insulin signaling pathway

A

Conserved
Lifespan
Survival
Neural plasticity

32
Q

What are the 4 components of the insulin signaling pathway

A

Ligand
Receptor
Kinases
Transcription factors

33
Q

Describe the insulin signaling pathway in humans

A

Insulin (IGF1) binds to insulin receptor (IGF1R)
IGFR1 is phosphorylated
IRS 1/2 binds
PI3 Kinase (PI3K) binds to IRS 1/2 and is activated
PI3K converts IP-2 to IP-3
IP3 activates PDK1
PDK1 phosphorylates/activates AKT
AKT activates FOXO (TOR pathway and JNK/RAS pathways come in)
FOXO enters nucleus
Transcriptional regulation occurs

34
Q

Describe the insulin signaling pathway in C. elegans

A

INS-N (insulin-like ligand) binds to receptor DAD-2
DAF-2 phorphorylated, AGE-1 activated
IP3 activated
PDK1 activated
AKT1, AKT2, and SGK-1 activated
DAF-16 activated (TOR pathway and JNK/RAS pathways come in)
DAF-16 enters nucleus
Transcriptional regulation occurs

35
Q

What is the purpose of the TOR pathway

A

Coordinates cell growth and metabolic response

36
Q

Describe the TOR Pathway

A

PI3K activates TORC1
TORC1 activates downstream effectors involved in translational control, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy regulation

37
Q

What is the purpose of the JNK pathway

A

Involved in stress response, apoptosis, and inflammation… leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake

38
Q

Describe the JNK pathway

A

JNK activated
JNK phosphorylates insulin receptor substate proteins (IRS)

39
Q

What is the purpose of the RAS pathway

A

influences phosphorilation of IRS proteins and downstream signaling events, impacting glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity

40
Q

What is PTENs role in both humans and c. elegans

A

Dephosphorylates IP3 (IP3 -> IP2) to prevent excessive Akt signaling

41
Q

What are the different areas in the brain that an input can go to

A

Brainstem (learned autonomic responses), spinal cord (reflexes), primary cortex (explicit and implicit actions)

42
Q

Where can primary cortex project to

A

Language cortex/secondary cortex (explicit actions)
Ventral striatum (implicit actions)

43
Q

Where can secondary cortex project to

A

Association cortex/language cortex (explicit actions)
Ventral striatum (implicit actions)

44
Q

Where can association cortex project to

A

Language cortex (explicit actions)
Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (explicit and implicit actions, learned autonomic responses)

45
Q

Where can language cortex project to

A

Cortical motor and planning areas

46
Q

Where can the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex project to

A

Language cortex (explicit actions)
Ventral striatum (implicit actions)

47
Q

What is the ventral striatum pathway

A

Thalamus -> Premotor cortex -> Implicit actions

48
Q

What are the five goals of neural processes

A

Use sensory systems to detect stimulus
Central computation or representation
Motor decision and response
Muscle contraction and movement

49
Q

Describe central computation or representation

A

Access memory, risk-reward

50
Q

Describe motor decision and response

A

Approach, avoid, mate, beg, hide, etc

51
Q

What is the outcome of neural responses

A

Learning

52
Q

Define instinct

A

A behavior pattern that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is executed

53
Q

What is an innate releasing mechanism

A

Organism detects a sign stimulus (“releaser”) then conveys a fixed action pattern

54
Q

What is a fixed action pattern

A

Species specific instinctual behavior sequence

55
Q

What are 6 behaviors of a praying mantis

A

Search for mates
Sunbathe
Copulate
Fly
Dive away from bats
Catch food

56
Q

Describe the nervous system of a praying mantis

A

Protocerebral ganglion (brain)
Optic ganglion
Inhibitory connections in front of optic ganglion
Subesophageal ganglion (mouth)
Excitatory link (throat area)
First thoractic ganglion
Abdominal ganglia

57
Q

What is muscle control dictated by in praying mantis

A

Each ganglion

58
Q

What happened when ganglia were severed in praying mantises

A

Motor responses were abolished when even though their nervous system was active elsewhere

59
Q

What happened upon electrical stimulation of severed ganglia in praying mantises

A

Normal movements were excited for that segment

60
Q

What is the role of the protocerebrum in praying mantises

A

Inhibits the ganglia

61
Q

What happened when the protocerebrum of praying mantises was disconnected from the rest of the nervous system

A

They attempted to walk and grasp at the same time

62
Q

What is the purpose of the subesophogeal ganglion

A

Primary target of PC inhibition

63
Q

What happened when subesophogeal ganglion and PC were severed

A

Mantises do not move at all

64
Q

What happens when mantises encounter a stimulus

A

Stimulus activates (disinhibition) part of the subesophogeal ganglion leading to selective activation of certain command centers and an appropriate response

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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