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Neuro Review Flashcards

1
Q

What ions are found primarily outside the cell?

A

Na+, Cl-

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2
Q

What ions are found primarily inside the cell?

A

K+, A-

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3
Q

Describe resting channel

A

Always open

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4
Q

Describe voltage-gated channel

A

Opens transiently in response to change in membrane potential

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5
Q

Describe ligand-gated channel

A

Opens in response to specific extracellular neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Describe signal-gated channel

A

Opens in response to specific intracellular molecule

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7
Q

Which ion flows into the cell?

A

Na+

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8
Q

Which ion flows out of the cell

A

K+

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9
Q

What (vaguely) is the resting membrane potential

A

Positive on outside, negative on inside

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential voltage

A

-70mV

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11
Q

What is the threshold for neuronal excitation

A

Slightly above -70mV

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12
Q

What is the first step of neuronal excitation

A

Na+ channel opens, Na+ begins to enter cell

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13
Q

What is the second step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave cell

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14
Q

What is the third step of neuronal excitation

A

Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters cell

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15
Q

What is the fourth step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level

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16
Q

What is the fifth step of neuronal excitation

A

K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset

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17
Q

What is the sixth step of neuronal excitation

A

Extra K+ outside the cell diffuses away

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18
Q

Describe the process for creating serotonin

A

Tryptophan -> 5-Hydroxytryptophan -> Tryptophan -> 5-Hydroxytryptomine

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19
Q

Where is the transmitting neuron (ex: serotonin) stored in the cell

A

In vesicles

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20
Q

How is transmitting neuron released

A

Exocytosis: Vesicle membrane fuses with cell membrane

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21
Q

What is the area between axon terminal and dendrite branch called

A

Synapse

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22
Q

What is the point of reuptake transporters

A

Bring extra neurotransmitters back into cell to be stored in vesicles for future use

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23
Q

What are the 7 classic neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Glutamate
GABA
Glycine

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24
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of classic neurotransmitters

A

Synthesized by enzyme
Stored in vesicles
Regional specificity
Secreted factors
Bind receptor
Produce effect in target cell
Degradation/uptake

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25
What two characteristics allow a classic neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor
Specific and saturable
26
What are the 7 novel neurotransmitters (split into four categories)
Endocannabinoid, lipids Peptides NO, CO gasses Adenosine, ATP nucleosides
27
Describe endocannabinoid/lipid neurotransmitters
Produced on demand and act presynaptically
28
Describe peptide neurotransmitters
Produced from genes, processed in vesicles by enzymes
29
Describe NO, CO gasses
Short-lived, diffusible across membranes
30
Describe adenosine, ATP nucleoside neurotransmitters
Very short lived
31
What are the 4 components of the insulin signaling pathway
Conserved Lifespan Survival Neural plasticity
32
What are the 4 components of the insulin signaling pathway
Ligand Receptor Kinases Transcription factors
33
Describe the insulin signaling pathway in humans
Insulin (IGF1) binds to insulin receptor (IGF1R) IGFR1 is phosphorylated IRS 1/2 binds PI3 Kinase (PI3K) binds to IRS 1/2 and is activated PI3K converts IP-2 to IP-3 IP3 activates PDK1 PDK1 phosphorylates/activates AKT AKT activates FOXO (TOR pathway and JNK/RAS pathways come in) FOXO enters nucleus Transcriptional regulation occurs
34
Describe the insulin signaling pathway in C. elegans
INS-N (insulin-like ligand) binds to receptor DAD-2 DAF-2 phorphorylated, AGE-1 activated IP3 activated PDK1 activated AKT1, AKT2, and SGK-1 activated DAF-16 activated (TOR pathway and JNK/RAS pathways come in) DAF-16 enters nucleus Transcriptional regulation occurs
35
What is the purpose of the TOR pathway
Coordinates cell growth and metabolic response
36
Describe the TOR Pathway
PI3K activates TORC1 TORC1 activates downstream effectors involved in translational control, ribosome biogenesis, and autophagy regulation
37
What is the purpose of the JNK pathway
Involved in stress response, apoptosis, and inflammation... leads to insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake
38
Describe the JNK pathway
JNK activated JNK phosphorylates insulin receptor substate proteins (IRS)
39
What is the purpose of the RAS pathway
influences phosphorilation of IRS proteins and downstream signaling events, impacting glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity
40
What is PTENs role in both humans and c. elegans
Dephosphorylates IP3 (IP3 -> IP2) to prevent excessive Akt signaling
41
What are the different areas in the brain that an input can go to
Brainstem (learned autonomic responses), spinal cord (reflexes), primary cortex (explicit and implicit actions)
42
Where can primary cortex project to
Language cortex/secondary cortex (explicit actions) Ventral striatum (implicit actions)
43
Where can secondary cortex project to
Association cortex/language cortex (explicit actions) Ventral striatum (implicit actions)
44
Where can association cortex project to
Language cortex (explicit actions) Amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (explicit and implicit actions, learned autonomic responses)
45
Where can language cortex project to
Cortical motor and planning areas
46
Where can the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex project to
Language cortex (explicit actions) Ventral striatum (implicit actions)
47
What is the ventral striatum pathway
Thalamus -> Premotor cortex -> Implicit actions
48
What are the five goals of neural processes
Use sensory systems to detect stimulus Central computation or representation Motor decision and response Muscle contraction and movement
49
Describe central computation or representation
Access memory, risk-reward
50
Describe motor decision and response
Approach, avoid, mate, beg, hide, etc
51
What is the outcome of neural responses
Learning
52
Define instinct
A behavior pattern that appears in a fully functional form the first time it is executed
53
What is an innate releasing mechanism
Organism detects a sign stimulus ("releaser") then conveys a fixed action pattern
54
What is a fixed action pattern
Species specific instinctual behavior sequence
55
What are 6 behaviors of a praying mantis
Search for mates Sunbathe Copulate Fly Dive away from bats Catch food
56
Describe the nervous system of a praying mantis
Protocerebral ganglion (brain) Optic ganglion Inhibitory connections in front of optic ganglion Subesophageal ganglion (mouth) Excitatory link (throat area) First thoractic ganglion Abdominal ganglia
57
What is muscle control dictated by in praying mantis
Each ganglion
58
What happened when ganglia were severed in praying mantises
Motor responses were abolished when even though their nervous system was active elsewhere
59
What happened upon electrical stimulation of severed ganglia in praying mantises
Normal movements were excited for that segment
60
What is the role of the protocerebrum in praying mantises
Inhibits the ganglia
61
What happened when the protocerebrum of praying mantises was disconnected from the rest of the nervous system
They attempted to walk and grasp at the same time
62
What is the purpose of the subesophogeal ganglion
Primary target of PC inhibition
63
What happened when subesophogeal ganglion and PC were severed
Mantises do not move at all
64
What happens when mantises encounter a stimulus
Stimulus activates (disinhibition) part of the subesophogeal ganglion leading to selective activation of certain command centers and an appropriate response

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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