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Neuroethology > Birdsong Courtship > Flashcards

Birdsong Courtship Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reason for birdsong

A

Attract mates of same species

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2
Q

Who benefits from birdsong

A

males and females

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3
Q

Why do individual differences exist within a species (4)

A

Brain development
Neuronal activity
Adaptive value
Reproductive fitness

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4
Q

Describe the genetics of white crowned sparrows of Northern California

A

Genetically identical

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5
Q

add study here

A
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6
Q

Who studied male bird dialects

A

Peter Marler

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7
Q

What intrigued peter marler about birdsong

A

Within a species, birds living in distinct neighborhoods sing unique songs

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8
Q

What were peter marler’s two hypotheses

A

Genetic variation leads to different nervous system development
Environmental factors contribute to unique dialects (learn from fathers)

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9
Q

What happens to deafened male birds

A

Sing poorly

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10
Q

What happens to birds raised in isolation

A

Never learn to sing a full song

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11
Q

What songs are birds especially attuned to

A

Songs of their own species

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12
Q

What is the critical period of bird song development

A

Months before singing is done by the male bird. Songs must be heard during this time. About 10-50 days old

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13
Q

What happens if a bird hears the song of a closely related species during the critical period

A

Does not inhibit the ability for young bird to sing his own song later in life

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14
Q

What is the matching phase in bird development

A

About 150 days after birth, bird develops its own song

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15
Q

Can birds be heard singing a song of a related species?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Why can birds be heard singing a song of a related species?

A

When a young male can hear the song of his own species, he will mimic the song of any bird he can see and hear

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17
Q

How do social effects relate to the critical period and non-conspecific bird song development

A

Social effects can outlast the critical period. Interacting with non-conspecific tutor after 50 days leads to development of the non-conspecific song

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18
Q

What are the four neural correlates of birdsong

A

Memories of songs heard during critical period
Song production
Auditory feedback/song production matching song memory
Particular property of male brain (females dont sing)

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19
Q

What are the hypothesized properties of the male brain that may cause them to sing

A

Genetic - female is ZW, male is ZZ
Hormonal - testosterone, estadiol

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20
Q

How are genetics considered to influence birdsong in male birds?

A

Chromosomes determine gonads, gonads secrete hormones, hormones act on receptors in the brain, produce gene expression patterns distinct in male and female brains

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21
Q

What are the environmental influences on genetics and physiology in birds

A

Internal influences: Food, hormones

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22
Q

What are the environemntal influences in the physiology and development of birds

A

External influences
Physical: heat, light, water
Social: predator/pray interactions, male/female interactions

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23
Q

What does the sensory learning phase entail

A

Auditory memory formation

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24
Q

What does the sensorimotor phase entail

A

Subsong
Plastic song
Crystallized song

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25
Q

What is thought to be between the sensory learning phase and the sensorimotor phase

A

The storage phase

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26
Q

What five sets of genes are thought to influence birdsong development

A

Area X: NO synthase
IMAN : NMDA-R
HVC: AR
RA: Aldehyde dehydrogenase

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27
Q

When is area X: NO synthase most prevalent

A

0-40 days after hatching

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28
Q

Describe IMAN:NMDA-R expression throughout birds lifetime

A

Expressed periodically from 0-30 days, fully from 30-40 days, then fades out from 40-60 days

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29
Q

Describe the gene expression of NCM:ZENK throughout birds lifetime

A

Fades in from birth-30 days, expressed fully from 30-50 days, then fades out from 50-60 days

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30
Q

Describe HVC:AR throughout bird lifespan

A

Fades in from 0-40 days, fully expressed from 40-60 days

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31
Q

Describe RA expression throughout bird lifespan

A

Fades in 0-25 days, expressed 15-45 days, fades out 45-60 days

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32
Q

What stimuli control the onset of gene expression changes?

A

Auditory input such as hearing its tutors song during critical period and hearing its own song during sensorimoto phase

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33
Q

When is the sensorimotor phase

A

150-200 days old

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34
Q

How does the bird differentiate between its own song and its tutors song

A

Neurons in anterior forebrain become selectively tuned to the birds own song, and activity of these neurons is high only when the bird hears itself sing

35
Q

What is area X?

A

A key song control region in the male brain

36
Q

What protein is high in Area X?

A

Zenk

37
Q

When are levels of Zenk high in area X

A

When the male hears the tutor song, and when he attempts to match it with his whole song

38
Q

What happens in Area X when as the bird perfects the song, and what does this mean?

A

Zenk levels drop, suggesting that it is importing in the learning process, not the production

39
Q

Why is it good to get rid of Zenk when the song is learned

A

So that the male doesnt learn the songs of other species

40
Q

What kind of molecule is Zenk

A

Transcription factor

41
Q

What is FoxP2

A

Language gene

42
Q

What happens when FoxP2 is inhibited

A

Song production impaired

43
Q

What 6 brain areas are involved in song learning

A

RA
HVC
IMAN
NCM
Area X
nXllts-tracheosyringeal portion of hypoglossal nucleus

44
Q

What is the RA

A

Robust nucleus of the arcopallum

45
Q

What is the HVC

A

Higher vocalization center

46
Q

What is the IMAN

A

Lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium

47
Q

What is the NCM

A

Caudomedial neostriatum

48
Q

Describe the relationship between NCM and HVC

A

Connected

49
Q

Where does NCM project to

A

RA

50
Q

Where does HVC project to

A

Area X

51
Q

Where does IMAN project to

A

RA and area X

52
Q

Where does RA project to

A

nXIIts

53
Q

What happens to adults with a removed IMAN

A

No effect on already learned song

54
Q

What happens to young birds with removed IMAN

A

INability to produce a normal song in adulthood

55
Q

Describe the IMAN in birds that vocalize but dont learn songs

A

Smaller/absent

56
Q

Describe the number of neurons in HVC throughout songbirds young life

A

Build up during the critical period, then drop down after 50 days

57
Q

What is the size of the HVC correlated with

A

Size of song repertoire

58
Q

Does large HVC lead to ability to learn many songs or does learning many songs increase HVC size

A

Learning many songs increases HVC size

59
Q

How many orders of singing birds are there

A

3

60
Q

What are the three orders of singing birds

A

Parrots, songbirds, hummingbirds

61
Q

What are the two hypotheses of why some birds learn songs

A

To fine tune the song to a particular habitat
To signal fitnessto neighbors

62
Q

What are the two aspects of the hypothesis that learned songs aids in fine tuning the song to a particular habitat

A

Low/high frequency

63
Q

When does low frequency travel best

A

Dense foliage/forest/jungle (degrades less)

64
Q

When does high frequency travel best

A

In open environment or a city, where they dont compete with trucks/cars/etc

65
Q

What are the four reasons why birds sing distinct songs

A

Attract mates of same species
Repel males of the same species who might try to steal territory or females
Species identification hypothesis
Consider costs of song learning

66
Q

What happens when a male bird hears another male bird sing

A

Males dont enter the territory where another male is singing

67
Q

Describe a songs effect on female birds of other species

A

They do not respond to it

68
Q

How do males signal high aggressiveness

A

Singing an exact match to a song in his neighbor’s repertoire

69
Q

How do males signal low to moderate aggressiveness

A

Singing a related song

70
Q

How do males signal no aggressiveness with one another

A

Singing unrelated song from their neighbor

71
Q

What happens when males hold a territory for years

A

They have more shared songs with their neighbors

72
Q

What happens when males move around a lot

A

Lack any kind of song matching or dialect

73
Q

What happens in the HVC when a bird hears different songs

A

Different songs activate different HVC neurons so they can choose songs with different meanings

74
Q

What are the three possibilities for how females arrive at a song preference, and which one is incorrect?

A

Based on birth-place dialect (incorrect)
Based on mastery of current local dialect
Developmental history

75
Q

Why do female birds not choose song preference based on birth-place dialect

A

Males move and adopt local dialect, so song is not a reliable indicator of birthplace

76
Q

When a female moves, which dialect does she prefer?

A

THe local dialect rather than those singing her native dialect

77
Q

What advantage is there to females preferring the local dialect mastery

A

Local singing males father more offspring and their immune systems are adapted to local threats… pass on genes to thrive in the current habitat

78
Q

What evidence is there that female song preference is based on developmental history

A

More complex songs require larger HVC, larger fat reserves, more robust immune system

79
Q

What are the implications of having a more complex song

A

Fitter bird, better parental care, food procurement

80
Q

What do females judge based on song quality

A

Male health and fitness

81
Q

What happens when a young bird has a genetic or nutritional deficit

A

They are unable to keep up with song learning, which could be reflected in his brain function and song production

82
Q

What four song factors do females also prefer

A

Faster
Longer
Higher frequency
Difficult

83
Q

What gene can song production be linked to and where is it located

A

Zenk expression in the female caudomedial mesopallidum

84
Q

When are the Zenk levels high/low in the caudomedial mesopallidum of female birds

A

High when hearing directed song
Low when hearing undirected song

Neuroethology (16 decks)

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