political freedoms Flashcards
Alexander II [1855-81]
Political Freedoms
no official political partys till 1905
anyone out of line from tsar oppinions = punished by 3rd section till 1880
then Okrhana
Alexander III [1881-93]
Political Freedoms
• Okhrana hunted and killed opposition groups such as people’s will who assasinated Alexander II
including Lenin’s Brother
Nicholas II [1893-1917]
Political Freedoms
3rd duma after 1907 = electoral change to stop opposition groups and non tsarist in duma
1905-14(17) 1,2,3,4 DUMAS
elected (kinda) lower house of Tsar’s new gov represents people of many groups
incl peasnts, nobels, Jews, Nationals, Muslims (till 1907) ect
change in way elected
with some groups being banned
and the electoral college test being wheighted towards higher class tsarist supporters
so dumas stops stepping out of line
(as a result 3rd duma is the onlyone that serves a full terml
1905 = Political partts now legal in e.g. the Duma
incl SR SD Men Bol Kadets Octoberists
Ect.
Prov Gov [Feb-Oct 1917]
Political Freedoms
Was tollerant to political activism
released political prisoners from prison
war = no constituent assembly (planed for Nov but BOL unplaned it in oct)
secrete courts and police was abandoned
(tho was a counter espionage Bureau of the petrograde military district that did a simular job)
Kerensky abused the bruise power to get counter-intelligence against oppositions such as the bolsheviks
Also in terms of political opposition the bolshevik newspaper pravda was banned in July 1917 to stop the spread of radical opposition ideas
Stalin [1929-53]
Political Freedoms
• he kills any soldiers who came into contact with western society in ww2 incase they spred ideas
• purges all political opposition inside and outside party
enforced by NKVD
by the end of it
- 70% of the 17th part congress was arrested and shot
- old B party members on both left and right were removed via show trials
– 1108/1966 delegates to the congress was arested
– party members encoraged to critisise anyone who critisised the party, so led to high center and local level party purges
– nationalitys too 350k put on trial (140k of which were Polish)
– in georgia 2 PM, 4/5 regional party secretarys and 1000s lesser officials lost their posts
– Leaders of National republics were charged with treason and removed
• EVEN YAGODA (NKVD LEADER 1936) WAS PURGED
– also 23K NKVD men too
– Yagoda replacment Yezhov (1936-8) (shot in 1940) replaced with Beria in 1938 at end of purges
- at end of purges in 18th party conference 1938, it was announced the mass clearings were no longer needed:
– 1.5M cases were reviewed,
– 450k cases were quashed,
– 128K cases were droped
– and 327K were released from the Gulags
– trotsky was assasinated in mexico 1940
all this ment Stalin removed everyone’s political freedom exept ones that supported him
Lenin [1917-24]
Political Freedoms
Lenin made all other political partys illegal in 1918 to make the RSFSR a 1 party state
Checka was new secrete police to reduce political freedom and colect grain in special grain requsition squads that oft incl peastnts to try make a class war between them and the kulaks (slightly better peasnts)
Khrushchev [1953-64]
Political Freedoms
• decentralization meant a larger focus on local soviets administering party policies to be able to better enforce them
– rather than the central party creating policies and having difficulty enforcing it across the USSR
– while these policies was still created / approved by the central government,
– local Soviet officials would still have a slight degree of variance in their political freedoms to inforce more laws as long as the Central party approved of them
Also the leaders of Soviet satellite States had a greater degree of freedom than understanding to create their own soviets style laws again with the approvement of the central party increasing the levels of political freedom from nationals administrations
