Social Structure Flashcards
Alexander II [1855-81]
Social structure
Tsar
ministers
nobility
clergy
army
serfs
foreigners
Emancipation in 1861=
serfs > peasnts (40mill)
they are no longer tied to nobilitys land (except for redemption payments)
who can become workers in factorys (industrialisation)
(cuz they can move around (to cities) and own property and stuff)
and now those factorys need owners
Therefore the Middle Class is created
urban peasnts
then become workers
who need ed to do Factory work more efficently (kick starts reforms)
but
too much ed = suseptable to extreemism
ideas
radical opposition and groups
towards Tsardom
who disagree with their policies or them in general
such as peoples will who assasinated Alexander II in 1881
and the 1917 revolution becoming less of a stike and food shortage
but a
lets remove the Tsar and try ourselfs with democracy
Alexander III [1881-93]
Social Structure
Tsar
nobility/ ministers
clergy
honourable citizens
workers
peasnts
foreigners
During the reign of Alexander III the emerging middle class increased due to industrialization and peasants becoming workers within cities in factories
the creation of the middle class fractured the overall social structure leading to change later on in Russia’s history the working class needed to be educated but only enough so they could do their job efficiently
and not enough to be susceptible to extreme and radical ideas opposing and other things
Nicholas II [1893-1917]
Social Structure
Tsar
ministers and nobility
Clergy and Army
middle class
workers
peasnts
ect.
During the 1897 census there was an increase in the middle class such as
with priests, non-noble bureaucrats and honorable citizens who were given special titles based on their commitment to duties in Russia’s Empire as well as merchants
Burgeoning?
The middle class was created from factory ownership
However in the senses it showed only two million people were of the middle class and therefore not overall very large within the social structure
The workers created by the middle class wanted representation after getting ideas from the Education they got this led to the 1905 Revolution and then the October manifesto and the creation of the Duma
(and fundemental laws)
The workers eventually end up striking over food paying conditions and shortages during World War 1 which then turns into a strike against Tsardom and resulted in the 1917 evolution and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II
Prov Gov [feb-Oct 1917]
Social Structure
The provisional government had promised everybody the right to vote on equal grounds in a constituent assembly however this never came to be as the constituent assembly was never created
therefore the social structure did not change much in the few months of the provisional government
Lenin [1917-24]
Social Structure
Under communism it is meant to be a classless society however this was not 100% the case
Part officials
workers
peasnts
kulaks
During the reign of Lenin a start to dekulakisation was noted where a class war was attempted to be started between the kulax and the rest of the peasants this didn’t come into fruition and eventually the discrimination against the kulaks died down towards the lates of part of Lenin’s rule
Stalin [1929-53]
Social Structure
During the reign of Stalin the social structure became more similar to a dictatorship than communism would LED you to believe
Stalin
Party
workers
peasnts
kulaks
Dekulakisation was incredibly prominent under Stalin in which Kulaks were treated very differently to the rest of peasants and they were purged and their grain was taken
The Kulaks were Either treated lightly
by giving them a impossible quotes that they try to do and then arrests and send them to be purged
or they would simply send them to the Gulags to be purged
or they would simply shoot them
Kulaks would often attempt to escape the squadrons of the nkvd that came after them by fleeing in the local towns while this occurred their stocks would be seized
Stalin had a cult of Personality during which all propaganda was modeled after Stalin this resulted in him becoming very popular and less people questioning his authority and Rule and therefore more cooperation of the workers
Khrushchev [1953-64]
Social Structure
party
workers
peastns
Destalinisation meant that there was no longer a cult of Personality in Russia
as well as decentralization was also done to increase influence throughout Russia however it was also done cleverly to not decrease the power of the party
Furthermore the kulaks were also not treated as badly as had been before
Social structure in Russia links class, votes and structure
The class system remained throughout the period and only slightly changed with the tsarrest system with Tsar above everyone else
to the Communist system with the party above everyone else
Stalin systems government was incredibly similar to tsarism with him being even above his own party
the only change in the social structure that was significant was the creation of the working and middle classes after the emancipation edict in 1861
and the democratic provisional government who wanted to allow for voting and freedom
– however the never followed through on this as there was no constituent assembly created
The change of the working class eventually led to the series of events with the needing to be educated gaining ideas of opposition and eventually leading to the 1917 February Revolution (kinda a social revolution)
social structure links sim multi rulers (diff to rest)
The provisional government and Khrushchev’s dual authority were similar as they had multiple people in charge of Russia
– with the provisional government and petrograd Soviet
– as well as the two leaders of the Communist Party
social structure in Russia
links to Power and authority and the gov
No government ever does anything to weaken their authority on purpose
Decentralization was done to increase the power of soviets in local areas however it was never done to decrease the power of the central party
– if anything by increasing the power of the regional soviets they have increased the power of the central party
– as the Soviet overall have increased their power with the central party as the head of all of this
• meaning that overall:
– by increasing the power of local soviets who base all of the policies on what’s the central party was doing it increased the power of the central party
– as it could now influence more powerful local soviets into doing similar policies
ALSO
Sometimes the actively did things to increase their support
– such as the 1905 Nicholas II gave concessions to his army to keep them on his side during the 1905 Revolution
– or Nicholas II creating the October manifesto in 1905 to create the illusion of a little bit more Democracy in Russia to appease the workers
With the state Dumas
