Aggriculure Flashcards
Alexander II [1855-1881]
Aggraculture
Allowed for the newly emancipated serve to live and work on given bits of landowners land
usually the worst bits
the catch was to pay Redemption payments for 49 years
to pay this back they mainly had to work for Land owners anyway
They could also now buy their own land
Free peasants within motivated to pay for these Redemption payments and therefore worked more
This meant that’s Russia was now able to feed the new working population and attempt to catch up with the West and industrialized after the failure of the crimean war
1865 = 0.98 M T of Wheat
1875 = 1.5 MT of Wheat
1877= 2.8 MT of wheat (very good harvest)
Alexander III [1881-1893]
Aggraculture
V attempts to increase income by exporting lots and Grain even during shortage this creates the 1891 famine killing half a million people
How to make a special committee of famine relief to survive this famine
In 1883 B creates peasant land banks meaning that peasants can borrow money it cheap rate to buy land motivating increased production
In 1889 land captains were appointed to supervise the work of the zemstva and monitor peasants behaviors this shows the government does not trust the peasants or zemstva
to not go against him or his ideology and therefore he is suspicious of them
1885 = 2.5 MT of grain
1890 = 2.7 M T of Grain
Nicholas II [1893-1917]
Aggraculture
Stolypin
in 1906:
– bought the end of land redistribution
– allowed peasants to leave the mir and make consolidation farms rather than strip farms
1909 = 579,000 peasnt households leave the mir
– all state/crown lands were available at the peasant land banks for less money as they were usually poorly maintained anyway
– and farms lands can be inherited rather than simply redistributed
– peasnts had equal rights in their local administration
1907:
– Redemption payments officialy end
– (promised 1905, not been paid in full for a while anyway)
1910:
– all communes that hadn’t distributed land since 1861 were aboloshed
– he derevolutionises the preasnts then reformed agriculture
– as before these reforms the peasants were Revolting and causing uprises
– he had to suppress and shoot Exile and hang them
– the nuse became known as Stolypin’s necktie
– 1906 = 144 death sentences
1908 = 825 death sentences carried out
1860-1900 production of cereals in European Russia 3x from 5-16 million tons
From 1880-1912 grain production grew by 2.1-2.4% per year
1900 = Cereal production 16 MT
1900 = 56 MT grain
1909 = #1 Cereal exporter in the world
1909-13 Russia is 20% of the worlds Cereal Production
1911 = 6.1 MT of wheat alone
1912 Cereal production = 70.9 MT
1912 = 16% grain exported
1914 = 90 MT grain
Provisional Government [1917]
Aggraculture
Peasants and warders forcibly seized land from landowners
The provisional government passed land distribution issues to be constituent assembly that was never established as they never withdrew from the war
therefore little was accomplished
Lenin [1917-1924]
Aggraculture
• Previously in 1918 there had been a food crisis after World War 1
– as peasants had hoarded grain due to the land lost in the brest lvosk Treaty
– Solved by the grain requisition
• War communism had a policy of Grain requisition which also led to food shortages as often peasants weren’t compromised properly (just took not paid)
– so withheld grain and killed likestock)
– (took to feed red army in cival war)
• Lenin identified 3 types of peasants:
– Bednyaks [poor]
– Serednaks [middle]
– Kulaks [made money of land, a bit wealthyer than others]
• In 1920 there was strikes done over food shortages which increased pressure to reform agriculture
– but eventually due to the removal of k grain production fell and there was another food shortage in 1921 that came along with a poor winter
• K was labelled as an Enemy of the State and anti-revolutionary and scapegoat for the 1921 famine saying that they were
– withholding grain
– And The nep increased taxes on Kulaks
– they were refused entry to state schools
• During war com They attempted to create a class war between the k and peasants to make the peasants jealous over their supplies and fight
– but it didn’t happen as the peasants really didn’t present them that much
– This was done via Narkomprod grain requisitional squads in which they got peasants to collect k grain
• Decree on land meant that the peasants got the land of land owners after the Fall of the provisional government (officialy)
• War communism had 20% of pre-war grain production
•In 1921 harvest was 48% of the 1913 harvest
21 = 46.5 MT
13= 80.1 MT
• 3% of farmers were on collectivizations
Stalin [1929-1953]
Aggraculture
Collectivisation, 1947, 1932-4, Dekulakisation, MTS, figures
Combined peasant farms into collective farms
2 kinds:
– Kolkhozy (pure)
– Sovkhozy (state)
In 1937 = 93% of peasants or on collective farms
1941 = 98%
1945 harvest = 60% of pre-war
1946 = worst drought since 1891
(lead to 1947 famine)
1932-4 famine
Likely caused by ineffective collectivization of farms and Grain requisition and dekulakisation and bad weather
During this famine
– If you were to eat or protect the grain you would be shot
– if you were to talk about the grand shortage it would be illegal
– and if you stole the grain you would be killed
1935 charter = Kolkhozy pay increase
And the small plots of land they own they can own with more legal security to encourage production on said land
– The small pots of land were more productive than collective farms
– especially The dairy ones
DeKulakisation (liquidate the kulaks)
– Komsomols and Plenipotentia
visit and strip kulaks of grain and food ect
– some K killed livestock, burnt grain and fleed
if caught they were punished:
– Standard K = robbed and sent to workers camp
– fortunate Kulaks = relocated to poor land and given crazy goals, whem fail strajght to camp
– Zlostnye (Malicious kulaks) (activley opposed collectivisation) = shot on sight
1928-30
– 1-3 Million Kulak families were deported
– 30,000 Kulaks shot
Motor Tractor stations
Peasants were able to loan heavy machinery and they also provided seeds and over the necessities to these farmers
1929 = 71.7 MT grain
37 = 97.4 MT
40 = 86.9 MT
1952 = 82 MT cereal
= 36 MT milk
Khrushchev [1956(3)-1964]
Aggraculture
During the first year of the Virgin Land scheme they plowed 6 million acres
and by 1956 35.9 million hectares to being planted/ farmed
Komsomols ¼ mill aid the peasnts set up
They grew Maize on
under fertilized
over farmed
infertile land
in Kazakhstan and Siberia
(usualy in bad weather especialy in bad winter 1963)
(so VLS fail)
Failed so bad they had to import grain from usa/australia
Prices increased for Grain and reduced taxes to encourage more production
Whole policy was k wanted to improve grain stocks and feed more workers so he improved unriculture
but the agriculture minister had less power to implement improvments due to Decentralisation (kinda)
140,000 tractors were supplied to those on the Virgin land scheme
K had a goal of 180 million tons of cereal
However by 1964 only 132 Mt had been obtained
and 63 MT of milk
But during the Virgin land scheme grain production increased from 82.5 Mt to 125mt in the first 3yrs between 1953-6
Aggriculture (economy) sections
• Land / grain
(Figures + how use land)
• Treatment by gov
(how agg treated by gov (Supprt for gov or to aid workers)
• Degree gov focused on Agg compared to industry
(stolypin and K vs everyone else)
• Famine
(how bad, y, death)
• methods / policy
(Agg methods e.g. Stolypin, K, Stalin)
• effects of policy
– E.g. K 1963
• production figures
– same as first ig
• Technology + modernisation
(Dont do it cuz only K and Stalin make tractors)
