Political Developments in 20th Century Ireland, 1900 - 1999 Flashcards
1
Q
In 1900, Ireland was a colony of…
A
The British Empire
2
Q
What did the Act of Union, 1800 do?
A
It made Ireland part of the UK (the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
3
Q
What were the two main political parties in Westminster around the year of 1910?
A
Conservative Party
Liberal Party
4
Q
Who was the leader of the Liberal Party around the year of 1910?
A
Herbert Asquith
5
Q
Who was the Prime Minister around the year of 1910?
A
Herbert Asquith
6
Q
What was the biggest party in Westminster around the year of 1910?
A
The Liberal Party
7
Q
What parties did the Irish vote while under British rule?
A
Home Rule Party
Unionist Party
8
Q
Who was the leader of the Home Rule Party around the year of 1910?
A
John Redmond
9
Q
Who was the leader of the Unionist Party around the year of 1910?
A
Edward Carson and James Craig
10
Q
Westminster has two houses of parliament. What are they?
A
House of Commons
House of Lords
11
Q
Did the Liberal Party support Home Rule for Ireland?
A
Yes
12
Q
Did the Conservative Party support Home Rule for Ireland?
A
No
13
Q
What did the Home Rule Party want for Ireland?
A
They wanted a parliament in Ireland with control over domestic affairs (education, health etc)
14
Q
Did the Unionist Party support Home Rule for Ireland?
A
No they were strongly anti-home rule. They wanted Ireland to remain part of the UK
15
Q
The House of Lords was dominated by which party?
A
The Conservative Party
16
Q
What needed to occur for the Home Rule Bill to be passed in Ireland?
A
In order for the Home Rule Bill to be passed in Ireland, the House of Commons and the House of Lords would have to vote to accept it
17
Q
Why could the Home Rule Bill never be passed up to 1910?
A
In 1910, the House of Lords had the power of veto so would never agree to pass the Home Rule Bill
18
Q
What act was passed in 1911? What was this act?
A
The Parliament Act. It took away the House of Lords power of veto. Instead, they could only delay bills for 2 years. After 2 years, it would become law
19
Q
Was the Home Rule Bill passed after the Parliament Act was introduced?
A
In 1912, the House of Commons debated on The Third Home Rule Bill. They passed it! But, the House of Lords delayed it. It was to become law in 1914. However it was postponed due to the outbreak of WWI
20
Q
What was the Unionist reaction to the Home Rule Bill?
A
They were horrified that Ireland was going to get some form of independence
21
Q
In what ways did the unionists resist the Home Rule Bill?
A
- They organised mass demonstrations
- They signed the ‘Ulster Solemn League and Covenant’
- They set up the Ulster Volunteer Force
- They produced anti-Home Rule posters or propaganda
22
Q
How many people signed the ‘Ulster Solemn League and Covenant’?
A
500,000
23
Q
When was the ‘Ulster Solemn League and Covenant’ signed?
A
On Ulster Day, September 1912
24
Q
What was the UVF?
A
The Ulster Volunteer Force. It was the military wing of the Unionist Party. Their role was to resist Home Rule with force, if necessary
25
What was the Larne Gun-running?
The UVF bought guns from a German company and smuggle them into Ireland in an event known as the Larne Gun-Running
26
What was the Nationalist reaction to the Unionist opposition to the Home Rule Bill?
Many home rulers were furious with the unionists, especially because they set up the UVF
27
What was the name of the Nationalists military wing? When did they set it up? Who was it led by?
The Nationalists set up their own military wing in 1913. They called it the Irish National Volunteers. It was led by Eoin Mac Neill
28
What was the 'Howth Gun Running'?
The Irish National Volunteers also bought guns and ammo from Germany. They arrived in Dublin in an event known as the 'Howth Gun Running'
29
The Nationalists were split in whether they should stay in Ireland or join the British army and fight in World War I. This caused a divide in the Irish National volunteers. What two groups did they split into?
National Volunteers - led by Redmond. They went to fight in WWI
Irish Volunteers- led by MacNeill. They stayed in Ireland to defend to Home Rule Bill if passed
30
How many Irish men died during World War I?
30,000
31
What was the Gaelic League and who set it up?
* Set up by Eoin McNeill
* Promoted the Irish language
* There were Irish classes and a bilingual newspaper edited by Pádraig Pearse
32
What was the Gaelic Athletic Association and who was it set up by?
* It was set up by Michael Cusack and Archbishop Croke
| * Promote Irish sports
33
What was the Anglo Irish Literary Revival and who set it up?
* Set up by WB Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory
| * Produce literature and plays written in English but about Irish society
34
What was the ITGWU?
The Irish Transport and General Workers Union was Ireland's first trade union
35
Who set up the ITGWU?
James Larkin to protect workers rights
36
What was the 1913 Strike & Lock Out?
* Members of the ITGWU went on strike in September 1913
| * There employers, led by William Martin Murphy, locked them out of their jobs for many months
37
Who set up soup kitchens to feed striking workers in the 1913 Strike & Lock Out?
Countess Markievicz
38
Who set up the ICA? Why?
James Connolly set up the Irish Citizen Army to protect the ITWGU workers from police brutality during the 1913 Strike & Lock Out
39
Who set up Sinn Féin and when?
Sinn Fein was set up in 1905 by Arthur Griffith
40
What was Sinn Féin's view on Home Rule?
They looked for more than Home Rule but less than complete independence. They were the middle ground between the aims of the HR Party and the IRB
41
In what way did Sinn Fein want to keep a link with Britain?
They wanted to withdraw Irish MPs from Westminster and set up an Irish Parliament, but keep a link with Britain by keeping the king as head of state
42
Did Sinn Féin plan to use violence to achieve their aims?
No, they wanted to achieve their aims peacefully
43
What does IRB stand for?
Irish Republican Brotherhood
44
Describe the IRB and outline their aims
- Extreme nationalists
- Wanted full independence (republic)
- Prepared to use force (violence)
- Led by a supreme council -- Tom Clarke, Padraig Pearse, Joseph Plunkett, Sean Mac Dermott etc
45
What was the motto of the IRB?
"England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity"
46
What did the IRB form to plan the Easter Rising?
A military council
47
The IRB needed men and guns in order to carry out the rising. Where did they find men? (fighters)
►The Irish Volunteers (MacNeill's group)
| ►The ICA (James Connolly's group)
48
The IRB needed men and guns in order to carry out the rising. Where did they get guns?
►Sent Rodger Casement to Germany to get guns and men
►He sailed back to Ireland in April 1916 in a submarine and the guns were on a ship called the 'Aud'
►This would arrive in Tralee, Co. Kerry on Easter Weekend, 1916. This was the signal for the rising to begin
►The 'Aud' sank and the guns were lost
►MacNeill realises he's been tricked and tells his Volunteers not to take part
49
When did the Easter Rising Begin?
Despite the lack of men and weapons, th IRB Military Council decided to go ahead with the Rising on Easter Monday, April 22, 1916
50
What happened on the Monday of the 1916 Rising?
○Rising begins
○Rebels take over key buildings in Dublin - GPO (HQ), Boland's Mill and Jacobs Biscuit factory. Markievicz took over St. Stephen's Green - with Cumann na mBan and ICA
○Padraig Pearse read out the Proclamation of the Republic outside the GPO
○They attempted to take over Dublin Castle but failed
51
What happened on the Tuesday of the 1916 Rising?
○British troops began to arrive
52
What happened on the Wednesday of the 1916 Rising?
○More troops arrive in Kingstown (Dun Laoghaire) and march into the city centre
○A British gunboat, the Helga, arrives and sails up the River Liffey - fired shells at O'Connell Street (Sackville Street)
53
What happened on the Thursday of the 1916 Rising?
○Fighting continued
| ○Connolly was shot in the leg
54
What happened on the Friday of the 1916 Rising?
○GPO on fire – rebels abandon it and move to Moore Street
55
What happened on the Saturday of the 1916 Rising?
○Pearse surrenders and tells the other battalions to do the same
○Britain begin rounding up the rebels – sent to Kilmainham Jail
56
What happened on the Saturday of the 1916 Rising?
○Last of the battalions (Jacob's Factory and Boland's Mill) surrender
○The Rising was over
57
What was the aftermath of the 1916 Rising?
○15 of the leaders were executed in Kilmainham
○16th leader – Roger Casement – was hung for treason
○200 civilians, 64 rebels and 157 British soldiers died
○Many buildings were destroyed
○Irish people were initially against the Rising - because of the death and destruction
○However public opinion changed → Irish people stopped supporting HR and wanted full independence after the executions
○Sinn Féin reorganised after the Rising. They aimed to get full independence from Britain, so people started to support them instead of HR
58
Many of the Irish people in British jails , who had been arrested for the Rising, became members of ___________
Sinn Féin
59
Which new British PM released most of the Irish prisoners at the end of 1916?
David Lloyd George
60
Which parties won the various seats in the 1918 general election? What did this prove?
Sinn Féin won the majority of seats; Sinn Féin won 73 seats, while the Home Rule Party only won 6 seats. This proves Sinn Féin was the most popular party. Also this led to the end of the Home Rule Party
61
Why did Sinn Féin win the 1918 general election?
1. Gained popularity because the British Government mistakenly labelled the Rising 'The Sinn Féin Rising'
2. After the executions Irish people wanted a republic - not Home Rule. Sinn Féin changed their aim so that they could get a republic
3. Eamonn de Valera (President of Sinn Féin) was more popular than John Redmond
62
How did Sinn Féin plan to get a republic?
Using a mix of peaceful and violent methods
63
What peaceful methods did Sinn Féin use to get a Republic?
Get candidates voted into Westminster but use the policy of abstention: instead of taking their seats in Westminster, they set up a parliament in Dublin. Lead by Eamonn de Valera
64
What violent methods did Sinn Féin use to get a Republic?
Use of the newly formed IRA (formerly known as the Volunteers) to fight a War of Independence. Lead by Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins
65
When was the first Dail of Ireland established and where?
On the 21st of January, 1919, the first Dáil was established in Mansion House
66
What was the British Government's reaction to the first Dáil?
They didn't recognise its authority and declared it illegal
67
What did the first Dáil issue on the 21st of January, 1919?
A declaration of independence
68
Who was elected as the (first) President of the Executive?
De Valera
69
When and where were the first shots of the Irish War of Independence fired?
The first shots of the Irish War of Independence were fired in Soloheadbeg, Co. Tipperary on the 21st January, 1919
70
The IRA were made up of a few different units. What were they?
1. The Flying Columns
2. The Squad
3. Spies
71
Who were the Flying columns?
Local units of IRA men, based mainly in rural areas.They lived life 'on the run'
72
Who were the Squad and what was their nickname?
The Squad or 'The Twelve Apostles' were a hand-picked group of assassins, chosen by Michael Collins
73
In relation to the IRA, who were the Spies?
They provided intelligence about the British forces that Collins could use
74
What were the tactics of the IRA during the Irish WOI?
i) Assassinations - Hit & Run Attacks
| ii) Ambush
75
What different units was the British forces made up of in the Irish WOI?
1. RIC
2. Black & Tans
3. Auxiliaries
76
Who were the RIC?
The Royal Irish Constabulary - The police. They were armed and based in barracks
77
Who were the Black & Tans?
Ex-soldiers of the British Army. They wore a mix of RIC and Army uniform
78
Who were the Auxiliaries?
Ex-officers of the British Army. They commanded the Black & Tans
79
What were the tactics of the British during the Irish WOI?
i) House searches
| ii) Reprisal attacks
80
What were reprisal attacks?
Revenge attacks by the British that sought to punish the IRA for an attack on them
81
What were the main events of the Irish War of Independence?
1. Lord Mayor of Cork, Tomás Mac Curtain murdered by RIC
2. His replacement, Terence Mac Swiney, imprisoned in London. Went on hunger strike and died after 74 days
3. Bloody Sunday, November 21, 1920
4. Kevin Barry executed by British
5. Kilmichael ambush, Co. Cork
82
What was Bloody Sunday?
Bloody Sunday, November 21, 1920 — Collin's squad murder a group of British spies called the 'Cairo Gang' in the morning. In reprisal, the Black and Tans entered Croke Park and shot 14 civilians, including Tipperary player, Michael Hogan. Later in the evening, two IRA men who were imprisoned in Dublin Castle were shot while allegedly "trying to escape"
83
What was the Kilmichael ambush?
Kilmichael ambush, Co. Cork — Organised by a flying column unit led by Tom Barry. They killed 17 auxiliaries
84
Describe the ending of the Irish War of Independence
* By 1921, the Irish and British were becoming war weary. Both sides pressure those responsible to end the war
* De Valera returned from America and wanted to end the War of Independence
* A truce was signed by both sides. They would have to organise a peace-order
85
What was the Government of Ireland Act 1920?
This happened during the WOI. The Unionists met with the British prime minister, David Lloyd George and agreed to partition Ireland. Under this act, Northern Ireland was created. Northern Ireland remained part of the UK. It was given its own Parliament, Stormont
86
What are the main terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921?
1. Ireland would be called the Irish Free State
2. Ireland would have a lot more independence
3. But, it would not be a republic. Instead it would be a Dominion of the British Commonwealth
4. The British navy would continue to use three Irish ports
5. The boundary commission was established to decide where the boundary between Northern Ireland and the Free State should be
87
Which Irish leaders travelled to London to negotiate a peace treaty with the British in October 1921?
In October 1921, Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins travelled to London with some other delegates to negotiate a peace treaty with the British. De valera didn't go
88
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was brought back to the Dáil to debate whether it should be accepted or not. Who led the pro and anti-Treaty sides?
* De Valera led the anti-Treaty side
| * Griffith and Collins led the pro-Treaty side
89
What were the principal pro-(Anglo-Irish)Treaty arguments?
* The Treaty would give Ireland much more than Home Rule
| * The Treaty would be a 'stepping stone' to full independence which could be achieved later on
90
What were the principal anti-(Anglo-Irish)Treaty arguments?
* The Treaty didn't give Ireland the Republic for which Irish people had fought and died
* No Irish TD should take an oath of allegiance to a British monarch
91
What happened in the Dáil when the vote went in favour of the Anglo-Irish Treaty?
De Valera resigned as president and he and his followers left the Dáil. This caused a split in Sinn Féin
92
In what way did Sinn Féin split after the Ango-Irish Treaty was voted in favour of?
* Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin led by Griffith and Collins
* Anti- Treaty Sinn Féin led by de Valera
Griffith became president and Collins his second in command
93
In what way did the Anglo-Irish Treaty cause a split in the IRA?
* Pro-Treaty IRA (known as the Regulars or The Free State Army) led by Collins
* Anti-Treaty IRA (known as the Irregulars or the Republicans) led by de Valera
94
What buildings did the Irregulars occupy after the Treaty was voted in? What did Collins do about this?
The Irregulars began to occupy old RIc barracks and the Four Courts. At first, Collins did nothing, but after pressure from the British government he was forced to act. The Free State Army were armed with British guns. They attacked the Irregulars in the Four Courts and captured it after a week of fighting
95
Which two Irish leaders died in August 1922?
In August 1922, Arthur Griffith died of a brain haemorrhage (stroke) and Michael Collins was shot in an ambush in Cork
96
Who became the new leaders of the government after Griffith and Collins died?
William T. Cosgrave and Kevin O'Higgins
97
What was the Special Powers Act?
Cosgrave and O'Higgins passed the 'Special Powers Act' in October 1922 which led to the arrest of thousands of Republicans (Irregulars) and the execution of many of their leaders such as Erskine Childers and Rory O'Connor
98
When did the Civil War end?
In 1923 when de Valera called a ceasefire
99
Who won the Civil War?
The Free State
100
What were the effects of the Civil War?
1. More than 900 were killed and £30million worth of damage was caused to property
2. The Civil War left a great and lasting bitterness between the Irish people
3. Ireland's two largest political parties grew out of the Civil War, Cumann na nGaedheal (later Fine Gael) came from the Pro-Treaty side and Fianna Fáil came from the Anti-Treaty side
101
Kevin O'Higgins was Minister for...
Minister for Home Affairs (in charge of law and order)
102
Who became President of the Executive after Griffith and Collins died?
Cosgrave
103
After Cumann na nGaedheal took power, a new police force was introduced. What was it called?
An Garda Síochána
104
What event did O'Higgins successfully deal with, and thereby protected democracy?
He successfully dealt with The Army Mutiny. He stopped them from staging a coup and thereby protected democracy in Ireland
105
What changes did Cumann na nGaedheal make to agriculture in Ireland?
1. Cut income tax to keep costs low
2. Provided loans to farmers to modernise their farms
3. Introduced new standards of quality for eggs, meat and butter
→This was a great success. By 1930, Irish agricultural exports to Britain were at their highest for many years
106
What changes did Cumann na nGaedheal make to industry in Ireland?
→CnaG's industrial policy was neglected in favour of agriculture
○However, the Shannon Scheme was highly successful
○The Electricity Supply Board (ESB) was set up which was very successful
107
What was the Shannon Scheme?
CnaG built a hydro-electric dam on the River Shannon at Ardnacrusha, Co.Limerick. It produced electricity for homes, farms and factories
108
People of the Irish Free State believed the Boundary Commission would lead to...
People of the Irish Free State believed the Boundary Commission would lead to Fermanagh and Tyrone becoming part of the Free State, leaving NI with only 4 counties. This would then lead to a united Ireland
109
What was the result of the Boundary Commission?
The Boundary Commission was a fiasco. It failed to make any changes. Therefore, partition was permanent
110
When did Ireland join the League of Nations? What did this show the world?
1923 - Showed the world that Ireland had got some independence
111
As well as Ireland, who were the other Commonwealth dominions?
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada
112
What was the Balfour Declaration?
At one of the Imperial Conferences, attended by Commonwealth dominions, Ireland pushed for the Balfour Declaration, which stated that all the dominions were "equal in status and in no way subordinate to one another"
113
What was the Statute of Westminster?
In 1931, The British agreed to pass the Statute of Westminster. This allowed Commonwealth countries to repel any law the British passed for them. This was a great success
114
From 1922-1927 Sinn Féin, led by Eamonn de Valera, followed a policy of ______
From 1922-1927 Sinn Féin, led by Eamonn de Valera, followed a policy of abstention (didn't take their seats in the Dáil
115
What caused a split in Anti-Treaty Sinn Féin? What parties resulted?
In 1926 de Valera decided that Sinn Féin should take their seats in the next election (1927). Sinn Féin split →the side that went with de Valera became Fianna Fáil. The other side remained Sinn Féin
116
How did Kevin O'Higgins die? What was the government's response to this?
In 1926, Kevin O'Higgins was shot dead. In response the government - CnaG - introduced the Electoral Amendment Act, which meant Fianna Fáil had to take the oath if they were to take their seats in the Dáil
117
Who won the 1927 election?
Cumann na nGaedheal
118
Why did CnaG become unpopular?
Economic difficulties caused by the Wall Street Crash and The Great Depression led to CnaG cutting the Old People's Pension → became unpopuar
119
When did CnaG fall from power? Who formed the new government?
In 1932, CnaG fell from power and Fianna Fáil formed the new government
120
Who was Fianna Fáil's leader?
Eamonn de Valera
121
Why did Fianna Fáil win the 1932 general election?
Because of their promise to:
1. Dismantle the Treaty
2. Improve the economy by providing more jobs
122
How did de Valera dismantle the Treaty?
He used the Statute of Westminster to take apart the Treaty bit by bit
1. Abolished Oath of Allegiance
2. Got rid of the Governor General
3. Removed the king as Head of State
123
When was Bunreacht na hÉireann created?
1937
124
Give examples if some of the laws that were introduced in Ireland's new constitution
* The name of the country changed from Irish Free State to Ireland (Éire)
* Head of government called Taoiseach
* Head of State called President of Ireland
* Houses of parliament called the Dáil and the Seanad
* Articles 2 & 3 claimed ownership of the whole of Ireland
125
`Who was the first President of Ireland?
Douglas Hyde
126
What was the ACA and why was it set up?
The Army Comrades Association was set up to protect CnaG from the IRA
127
Who was leader of the ACA?
Eoin O'Duffy
128
What name was the ACA changed to?
The Blueshirts
129
What leader was O'Duffy an admirer of?
Mussolini
130
When did the Blueshirts plan a march in Dublin?
August 1933
131
What was De Valera's reaction to the Blueshirt's plan to hold a march in Dublin?
He was worried that this was the Blueshirts' attempt to seize power, just as Mussolini had done in the 'March on Rome'
132
Why did the Blueshirts plan a march in Dublin?
To commemorate the deathes of Griffith and Collins
133
The Blueshirts joined Cumann na nGaedheal to form a new party called...
...Fine Gael
134
Why was O'Duffy forced to step down as leader of Fine Gael?
He promised to 'invade Northern Ireland'
135
What did O'Duffy do when Cosgrave replaced him as leader of Fine Gael?
He led his Blueshirts over to Spain to fight in the Spanish Civil War on Franco's side
136
Why did de Valera and Fianna Fail introduce a protectionist policy?
To help grown of industry, boost employment and reduce emigration
137
Briefly outline the Economic War that occurred between Ireland and Britain
1. De Valera stopped Ireland's payments to Britain for the land annuities
2. Britain responded by placing tariffs of Irish exports
3. Ireland then placed tariffs on British products coming into Ireland
138
Outline the Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1938
1. Ireland agreed to pay £10 million in a lump sum to compensate for the land annuities
2. Both sides dropped the tariffs on each other's goods
3. Britain gave back the Treaty Ports to Ireland
139
What ended the Economic War?
The Anglo-Irish Agreeement, 1938
140
What was the Emergency?
On 2nd September 1939, the Dáil declared a state of emergency in Ireland. It would last as long as the War and the government was given special powers to ensure Ireland could remain neutral
141
Why did Ireland choose to remain neutral during WWII?
○Ireland was a democratic country and therefore could not support Hitler and the Nazis
○Memories of the Black & Tans and the suffering during the war against Britain were still fresh
○Ireland was a small country
○Neutrality was seen as proof of independence
142
What evidence is their to show Ireland was biased towards the Allies?
○Ireland sold food to Britain throughout the war
○British and American soldiers who landed in Ireland were allowed to pass into NI
○Around 50,000 Irish people fought for the British army
○When Belfast was bombed in April 1941, de Valera sent the Irish Fire Brigade to help
143
Who was Minister for Supplies during the Emergency in Ireland?
Seán Lemass
144
Who was the 'glimmer man'?
During the Emergency in Ireland, gas for cooking was rationed and was controlled by an inspector called the 'glimmer man'
145
What was the LDF?
The Irish army was very small at the start of WWII and the government set up the Local Defence Forces (LDF). The idea was to train young people to fight if we were ever invaded.
146
Why did Lemass set up the Irish Shipping Company?
Churchill wouldn't allow British ships to bring supplies into Ireland during WWII
147
What government was in power in Ireland from 1922 - 1932?
Cumann na nGaedheal
148
What government was in power in Ireland from 1932 - 1948?
Fianna Fáil
149
What government was in power in Ireland from 1948 - 1951?
The (First) Inter-Party Government
150
What government was in power in Ireland from 1951 - 1954?
Fianna Fáil
151
What government was in power in Ireland from 1954 - 1957?
The Second Inter-Party Government
152
What government was in power in Ireland from 1957 - 1966?
Fianna Fáil
153
Who set up a new political party in Ireland in 1946? What was it called?
Seán MacBride set up a new party called Clann na Poblachta in 1946
154
Who was the leader of the First Inter-Party Government?
John A. Costello
155
Who replaced Fianna Fáil in the 1948 general election?
The First Inter-Party Government
156
What type of government was the First Inter-Party Government?
Coalition
157
What parties were included in the First Inter-Party Government coalition?
Fine Gael, Labour and Clann na Poblachta
158
What are the achievements of the First Inter-Party Government?
○Declared Ireland a republic in 1949
○Rural electrification
○Set up the IDA
159
Who was Noel Brown?
The Minister for Health, a member of Clann na Poblachta
160
What was Noel Brown's priority? What did he do to meet this?
○As Minister for Health, his main priority was to
eliminate TB, which killed 3,000 Irish people each year
○He built special hospitals, organised mass x-rays and brought in the BCG vaccine to get rid of TB. Deaths fell to 300 per year
161
What was the Mother and Child Scheme?
Brown wanted to introduce free medical care for all mothers and children up to 16 years
162
Who objected the Mother and Child Scheme?
Doctors and the Catholic Church
163
What was the Irish economy like in the 1950s?
The economy struggled during the 1950s. Fianna Fáil's economic policy of protectionism failed to deal with the problem. Factories closed down and unemployment increased and 50,000 people a year emigrated during the 1950s in search of work
164
When did de Valera retire as taoiseach? Who took over?
1959. Sean Lemass took over
165
What was the name of the plan drawn up by T.K Whitaker to deal with the economic crisis in Ireland?
First Programme for Economic Expansion
166
What were the main points of the First Programme for Economic Expansion?
1. To attract foreign industry to Ireland
| 2. To give grants to Irish farms to make them more efficient and thus enable them to export goods
167
What was the Anglo-Irish Free Trade Agreement and when was it signed?
This was signed in 1965 and removed all tariffs on Irish industrial exports to Britain
168
Between 1960 and 1968, how many firms set up in Ireland?
over 600
169
In 1960 in Ireland, what percentage of children went on to secondary education?
30%
170
Who was Minister for Education in 1960?
Donough O'Malley
171
What did the Minister for Education announce in 1967?
School fees for secondary schools would be abolished
172
What did Lemass believe the best chance of united Ireland was?
The South becoming so wealthy that the unionists in Northern Ireland would want to join
173
When was RTÉ launched at the National TV service?
1961
174
By 1970, how many Irish homes had a television?
50%
175
When did Seán Lemass retire?
1966
176
Who succeeded Lemass as Taoiseach?
Jack Lynch
177
What was Jack Lynch's greatest achievement?
To negotiate Ireland's entry into the EEC in 1973
178
What was CAP?
The Common Agricultural Policy, which gave grants to farmers to invest in modern. Farming methods and machinery. CAP guaranteed high prices for their produce
179
What was the Arms Trial?
Lynch sacked two ministers Charles Haughey and Neill Blaney. They were accused of using public money to import arms for the IRA during the Troubles. The ministers were tried for illegally importing arms, but were found not guilty
180
What led to a worldwide oil crisis in the 1970s?
The Arab-Israeli war
181
What economic problems did the Arab-Israeli War cause?
Oil prices soared. This created huge economic problems such as inflation and unemployment
182
Who won the 1977 general election? Why?
As a result of the failure of the coalition government to solve the problems caused by the oil crisis, Fianna Fáil won the 1977 general election
183
Who took over from Jack Lynch as Taoiseach in 1979?
Charles Haughey
184
What was the Celtic Tiger?
The Irish economy grew faster than any economy in Western Europe from the mid 1990s onwards. This period was called the Celtic Tiger
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Why were major computer company such as Intel attracted to set up in Ireland during the 1990s?
Ireland had a well educated workforce, low corporation tax and Ireland was a member of the EU
