POI Flashcards
Uses film and cassette
Conventional Radiograph
Utilize capture element rather than radiographic film
CR-DR
1st to propose that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particle or element called ATOM.
John Dalton
Raisins are the positive
-
Whole pudding is the negative aspect
JJ Thompson
Define miniature of solar system
-
Electron cloud
Ernest Rutherford
States that there are different energy level per orbit
Neils Bohr
discovered the neutron in 1932
James Chadwick
3 Aspects of Physical Science
1.
Electricity
2.
Vacuum
3.
Image Recording Materials
emits light when stimulated with high penetrating energy
Scintillator
The distribution of light is even because of high atomic number
Phosphor
Roentgen discovered x-rays
November 8, 1895,
On 28 December 1895, Roentgen submitted a report entitle
On a New Kind of Rays
On _____, Roentgen submitted a report entitle
28 December 1895
first thing he exposed
hand
First Nobel prize in Physics on
1901
Roentgen died on
Feb 10 1923
Capability of the energy to pass thru a material
Penetration
– is defined as the use of ionizing radiation to produce a recorded image on photosensitive material
Radiography
The image produced using x-radiation is called
radiograph.
represents the image recorded on photosensitive material, which is usually called
x-ray film
refers to radiation that has both electrical and magnetic properties
Electromagnetic radiation
Refers to the difference of radio density present in our radiograph
Contrast
Determine the different structure
Contrast
IN CR-DR THE CONTRAST REFERS TO THE
BRIGHTNESS AND DARKNESS
Degree of blackening
Density
act both the waves and like particles.
X-RAY
Is described as a discrete bundle of energy
Photon
Number of cycles per unit time
Frequency
unit of rrequency
hertz/Hz
Distance between the 2 crests
wavelength
relationship of wavelength and frequency
inversely related
relationship of frequency and energy
directly proportional
Study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter resulting into a physical change or chemical creation
Photochemistry
3 factors
kvp ma, exposure time
how long/short the exposure will happen
exposrue times
responsible ofr contrast
kvp
responsible for density
ma
is the most important part of the x-ray machine because the tube is where the x-rays are actually produced
x-ray tube
two interaction in x-ray production
bremsstrahlung and characteristic
interaction in image production
photoelectric and compton
Is a negatively charge electrode
cathode
Cathode is compose of
filament and focusing cuo
surround the filament determining the pathway of electricity
focusing cup
source of electron
filament( Tungsten)
Is a coiled tungsten wire that is the source of electrons during x-ray production.
Filament
without___there is no production of x-ray.
filament
focusing cup is made up of
nickel
It has a negative charge, which keeps the cloud of electrons emitted from the filament from spreading apart. Its purpose is to focus the stream of electron.
Focusing Cup
Responsible for determining the pathway of electron from cathode side to anode side.
Focusing Cup
Is a positively charged electrode.
anode
anode consist of
target
Is a metal that abruptly decelerates and stops electrons in the tube current, thereby allowing the production of x-rays.
target
Rotating anodes are manufactured to rotate at a set speed ranging from
3000-10000
the target is made up of
90 tungsten and 10 rhenium
atomic number of tungsten
74
melting point of tungsten
3410
rotor is made up of
copper
is an electric motors that turns the rotor at very high speed during x-ray production
stator
oil used in rotor
diala by toyota
Heat that is produced when the x-ray exposure is made
Dissipating Heat
true or false to feeling ko
Rotating anodes can withstand higher heat loads than stationary anodes because the rotation causes a greater physical area, or focal track, to be exposed to electrons.
Known as Edison effect
themionic effect
amount of heat being produce in Cathode side
2,200°c - 2,500°c
total amount of heat (buong x-ray tube)
2, 500°c – 3,000°c
the Electron flow in only one direction in the x-ray tube-from cathode to anode
tube current
total absorption of x-ray of our body, the result will be the contrast.
Photoelectric
only contributes to the density
Compton Effect
high Compton effect creates
image noise
INCREASE DISTANCE =
DECREASE FACTOR BY 4
Milliamperage and exposure time have an ____- relationship when maintaining the same mAs.
inverse
SID and X-Ray Beam Intensity RELATIONSHIP
INVERSE
Are determined by the extent to which structural components of the anatomic area of
interest can be seen on the recorded image.
PHOTPGRAPHIC PROPERTIES
SENSITIVITY OF SHC
SPEED
ACCEPTABLE OPTIMAL DENSITY IN RADIOGRAPH
LATITUTDE
Relationship of FILTERS and LOW ENERGY PHOTONS
IR to each other
FILTERS and PT DOSE
IR to each other
LOW ENERGY PHOTONS and PT DOSE
DP to each other
ANODE ANGLE USE IN GEN RAD
7-12
ANGLE USE IN FLUOROSCOPY
15-20
As anode angle increase heat dissipation????
INCREASE
WHERE DOES ALUMINUM USE AS ADDED FILTRATION
GEN RAD
FILTER USE IN FLUROSCOPY
ALU AND COPPER
filter use in mammo
molybdenum
are special filters to be added to the primary beam to alter its intensity
Compensating Filters
types of compensating filters
wedge and trough
It has a double wedge. Commonly used for AP thorax to compensate for the easily penetrated air-filled lungs
Trough Filters
– most common type of compensating filt
Wedge Filters
heat unit formula
HU = mA x time x kVp x generator factor
genrator factor for single hpase
1.00
generator factor for three phase 6 pulse
1.35
generator factor for three phase 12 pulse
1.41e
generator factor for high frequency
1.45
fat/lipid
6.3
lung
7.4
bone
20
3) distinct processes occur during beam attenuation
absorption. scattering, transmission
partial absorption of intensity
attenuation
