PHARMACOLOGY Flashcards
- study of drugs and their origins, nature, properties, and effects on living organism
PHARMACOLOGY
- Any chemical substance that produces biological response in a living system
Drug
- A substance used as medicine to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease
Drug
- A biologic is an agent naturally produced in animal cells, microorganism, or by the body itself such as hormone, natural blood products or vaccine
Drug
- Is a system of naming drugs
Drug Nomenclature
Classification of drug:
NAME, ACTION, LEGAL
- It identifies the actual chemical structure/formula of the drug
Chemical Name
- Is often complex and is seldom of practical importance to technologist
Chemical Name
- Name given by to the drug when it becomes commercially available
Generic Name
- Derived from the more complex chemical name
Generic Name
- Also called NONPROPRIETY name
Generic Name
- The name given to a drug by manufactured by a specific company
Trade/ Brand Name
Drugs having the same chemical reactions are group together into categories called
drug families
drugs require an order of a physician
Rx/ Prescription Drugs
Can be obtained legally without prescription
OTC Drugs
Methods of Drug Classification
- Chemical Group
- Mechanism/site of action
- Primary Effect
- It may determine the speed, or onset, drug therapeutic effects.
Drug Dose Forms
- It refers to the type of preparation or the manner in which the chemical agent is transported in to the human body.
Drug Dose Forms
a granulated drug compressed into a solid hard disc.
TABLET
Some TABLETS are coated called
enteric coated
most common oral dose form.
- Tablet
Easiest to administer
- Tablet
a powdered or liquid contained in a gelatin shell, which dissolves in the stomach and releases its contents
- Capsule
a broad range of drugs whose volatile vapors are taken via nose and trachea
- Inhalant
t is a dose form shaped for insertion into a body orifice
- Suppository
A dose form in which on or more drugs are dissolved in a liquid carrier.
- Solution
Administered orally or parenterally
- Solution
dose form in which one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier
- Suspension
orally administered, NEVER intravenously
- Suspension
Dose form that permits a drug to be applied on the skin surface, where it is absorbed in the bloodstream
Transdermal patch
- All drugs must be in liquid form to be
absorbed
solid or tablet form must go through a phase called
pharmaceutic phase
what dose form do not go through the pharmaceutic phase of absorption until they reach the small intestine where they are dissolved in an alkaline media.
- Enteric-coated
- The study of how a drug is absorbed into the body, circulated within the body, is changed by the, and leaves the body
Pharmacokinetics
4 basic factors influence that movement of a drug:
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
defined as the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.
absorption
– is defined as drug movement from the blood to various tissues and organ of the body.
- Distribution
is defined as the chemical alteration of various substance(drug).
- Metabolism
the main organ involved in drug metabolism, taking a drug that is fat soluble and turning It into a water soluble substance so it can be eliminated form the body
Liver
is the movement of the drug out of the body
- Excretion
most important organ for drug excretion
Kidney
Other factors that can affect the intended drug effect:
- Age
- Sex
- Genetics
- Weight
- Route
- Time of administration
abnormal response to a drug cause by individual genetic differences
Idiosyncratic reaction
– result from the drug acting on tissues other than those intended action
Side effects
– are adverse drug effects related to the dose of drug administered
Toxic Effect
when the body’s immune system is hypersensitive to presence of the drugs
Allergic Reaction -
may range from mild response such as hives to severe life-threatening r
Immediate reaction
is usually less severe and may become evident for hours or even days after drug administration
Delayed reaction
- is a drug-induced state which patients will respond normally to verbal command
Minimal Sedation (anxiolysis)
Sedation levels:
Minimal Sedation (anxiolysis)
Moderate Sedation or analgesia(conscious sedation)
Deep sedation/ analgesia
General Anesthesia
- cognitive function and coordination may be affected but ventilation and CV fxn are unaffected.
Moderate Sedation or analgesia(conscious sedation)
- depression of consciousness occurs, but patient respond purposefully to verbal commands. Ventilation is adequate and CV fxn is usually maintained
Deep sedation/ analgesia
- loss of consciousness during which patient are not arousable even to painful stimuli
General Anesthesia
requires no cellular membrane.
Passive Diffusion
most important determinant in deciding whether a drug will cross cell membranes, although water solubility is also of importance.
Lipid Solubility
is another method of drug absorption
Active Transport
Routes of Drug Administration
oral, sublingual, topical, parenteral
- Most common method of drug administration
- Oral
The drug us usually taken by mouth and swallowed; it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract1.
- Oral
- The drug is placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve
- Its must not be swallowed
- Sublingual
- It means application of drugs directly into the skin. The drug is diffused through the skin and absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Topical
- administration of drugs by injection or by a route other than the gastrointestinal tract.
- Parenteral
- There are three common routes of parenteral:
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
degree of subcutaneous
45
degree of intramascular
90
Degree of intravenous
10-15
- the amount of drug that actually reaches the systemic circulation becomes bioavailable.
State of Bioavailability
Drugs taken orally are usually absorbed in the
small intestine
partial metabolism of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation is
called
first-pass effect
The particular area for which a drug is intended and that receives a
maximum effect of a drug is called the
drug receptor.
is the factor
that determines the concentration of drug necessary to accomplish its
intended effect.
Affinity
