POETRY

Question 1

structure of exposre

Answer 1

very bleak and monotone five line stanzas, reflects the futility of war with an anticlimactic anaphora in ‘but nothing happens’
elipses in the first lines create pauses that slow the pacing and prove the boring nature of warfare
cylical structure emphasies the boredom

Question 2

how power is conveyed through langauge in exposure

Answer 2

the men in the trenches are completely passive to the outisde natural powers wearing away their religious faith and overall sanity, its clear the other men are but a’dull rumour of some other war’ however the nature that ‘knives’ at them, a very upclose verb in compairosn to bullets, is very imanent and real
theres a comparison between the bullets, which are used with a disturbing sibilance in ‘sudden successive; streak the silence’ that mimics the brutal sound of gunfire and yet is disregarded to the fear of the air ‘black with snow’- this imagery is deeply offputting as snow usually comes with homelike connotations however balck is remeniscent of darkness, a loss of sanity and consiousness.
Indeed its unnverving to the home reader the passive nature of the first person narrative in comparison to the HEAVY frickitive alliterations

Question 3

how is nature depicted through language in exposure

Answer 3

nature is depicted as the true enemy compared to the undisclosed enermy and the passive men, showing the useless nature of man made hate and life itself- shocking for audience
He contrasts the useless sibilence of bullets and tje ‘dull rumour’ of the patriotic war they were deemed to be fighting with the ‘merciless’ and avidly active nature that ‘knives’ at them- this personification is outwardly visual and also incredbly close
also the compairosn between the heavy usage of frickative alliterations and sibilence in ‘suddden successive’ with the passing of of this compared to the air that is ‘black with snow’ is unnvering as snow suually drives connotations to beauty and homeliness not black- soulness, concious and sanoty losing
at the end nature is personfiied to be a great beast of some kind, havinng feasted on them and the mud in a grotesque manner, with visual descriptions of the dead soliders with ‘eyes are ice’- here this metaphor depicts the solider as enveloped by nature, this is the true battle

Question 4

persepctive and effect in ozimandias

Answer 4

shelley techincally speaks in first person but only uses the phrase ‘i’ pnce before passing the view onto an undisclosed unknown traveller in order to give his political voewpoint and pass it off as literature
the unreliable and disulted aspect of the poem as it is passed between perspectives also shows the diluted nature of the power held by ozimandias

Question 5

rhyme scheme and effect in ozimandias

Answer 5

the irregular rhyme scheme contrasts the regular proper nature of the sonnet structure, highlighting the contrast between societal opinions on heirachy and tyrany

Question 6

structure and effect in ozimandias

Answer 6

there is a blend of the typical sonnet structure woth the petrachan lines, shelley is highlighting the longevity and timeless nature of the arts and literature that defies time and can consantly be modernised

Question 7

power shown in ozimandias

Answer 7

the king is blinded by a false sense of power due to his selfish ambitions, shelley is using him as a metaphor for past and present leaders in an expanding imperialist era who are thinking of power before sanity
he uses mass irony to mock ozimandiases false preteces and foolishness, he tells his subjects to ‘look upon’ his kingdom that has become so knoiwlegably weak that its only revived through diluted whispers of mulitple perespectives
his callous persona, such as his ,sneer,- the last visable section of his career to the sands, representitive of the sands of time, villainise his persoanlity and make him and the rulers he represents painted in a bad light, even his subjects have a false repsect for him, his sculptor mocks him either purposefully or his vile persona seeps into his representation
his percived powers are ultimately insignificant and have been diminished to whipsers of an ‘antique land’- antique shows it as an outdated historical artifiact rather than atimeless memory and ‘shattered visage’ links his perosna to broken croquery, the juxatapositon of the unbreakable character he aimed to show

Question 8

nature presented in ozimandias

Answer 8

nature is a far greater power undermined by miopic and naive rulers of past and future
his once great empire has been reducede to being somewhere ‘far away’- inspeicifc and insignificant- we know not only is the land disregarded as ‘antique’- only knwon for its history and outdated natuere, but its also in a vast dessert, somehwere uninhabitbale
he uses two alliterations in ‘boundless and bare’ and ‘lone and level’ to excentuate the sheer size of the natural world in comparison to the complete loss of any power held by the ruler

Question 9

ozimandias context

Answer 9

came from readings of ramanses II- ozimandias was a nickname for him- he standsa s a metaphor for miopic rulers past and present, the temple of ramses bore the king of kings inscription
he resembles george 111 and neopole in shelleys era, shelley a romantic was v anti rulers

Question 10

exposure key message and context

Answer 10

owen was a very famous war poet who when wounded and suffering ptssd published this in hospital, he was a first perspective tragic hero who died just before armastice, he was very brutally anti war and its propagnda

Question 11

storm on the island cyclical structure

Answer 11

there are half rhymes at the beginning and end of the poems, showing how the storm cannot be prevented and will inevitably return

Question 12

perspective of storm on the island

Answer 12

it is written in dramatic monolouge which reflects like a conversation in a very colloquial tone to relate the irish strugglers to broader readers, but ultimately the conversation is one sided showing the isolated nature of the storm
there is abig use of collective pronouns to autobiographise irish culture as a whole and to relate to all

Question 13

structure of storm on the island

Answer 13

it is in a very controlled iambic pentameter which when mixed with the colloquial language gives a very involving conversational tone- shows the community aspect of the collective perpective and how groupwork is needed to endure a storm
however theres enjambment which implies a barrage of information and perhaps a rush during the storm, the reader will become bretahless which mimics the overpowering nature

Question 14

rhyme scheme of storm on the island

Answer 14

incredibly sporadic and uncontainable, shows the omnipotence of nature in juxapoision to that of the controlled structure of the people witholding it, momentary half rhymes show break through of power to the people

Question 15

nature in storm on the island

Answer 15

nature has complete controll over the speaker not just in the future but in the present as they struggle to survive in a isolated island community. the colloquial style of the peice impleis that there is a conversation ongoing but due to the one sided monoluge its clear the islanders are alone. their lives are completely controlled, they feel preppared for it yet every time nature betryas them, their houses adn lives are dictsted by the storm.
nature is very attacking and vioelnet in stark contrast to the pasive humans who speak colloqially, theres lots of miliatristic langauge such as attacking verbs in ‘strafes and salvos’- plosives that liken it to bullets flying, audible fear, juxtoposed by the passive and static– we sit tight
even though they begin the poem with the stable and confirmed, we are prepared- we emphasising the snese of community-no one can withhold the power of nature, reflected in the unstable rhyme scheme and usage of enjambment giving a snese of panic and breathlessness
despite the clear terror he likens it to a ‘tamed cat turned savage’ this simile creates a sense of betrayal as something propserous and mostly docile can equally become the source of destruction, this sentence is also split up using enjambemnt to highlight the disgusting and horrific nature of the betrayal

Question 16

power shown in storm on the island

Answer 16

there is a clear conflict between the community of islanders and the miltraistic unstoppable nature of the storm
heany begins with a false sense of control when he states that they ‘are prepared’- communal pronoun indicates a sense of togetherness against nature, horror exentuates the sense of toegtherneness, whilst also a sad irony as they have had to endure the perils so many times tey have become accustomed
as the poem endures its clear the juxatpositon between the passive and fearful humans and the violent outburts of nature that humanity can never fully master. there are misitaristic verbs in ‘pummeks’ and ‘strafes and salvos’ p in pummel envokes a harsh noise similar to a punch, it is very close proximity, whilst strafes and salvos are sibilence that mimics the passing of bullets ‘blows full blast’ is another hard plosve
theres also a confict of power in the structure with the controlled and monitored attempt for humans being represented in the stanza, its iambic pentameter and a dramatic monolouge creating a conversational tone, whilst it is juxtaposed by the rhyme scheme which is non existent and throws off the traditional tone, symbolic of the unstoppable nature. both sides show their conflict by attacking eaches area, a small gain of power for the humans may be shown by a half rhyme whilst the usage of enjambment in the structure shows the overpowering of the storm making the reader breathless

Question 17

prelude context

Answer 17

wordswoth was a key romantic poet who spent most of his childhood and time in the beautiful lake district to escape his hard childhood
the roamntic movement focussed on the importance of earthly beauty ina time of industrialism and were very anti vioence and institutions, the enlightenment period loved science andlogic but they saw nature as the great magic

Question 18

perspective of the prelude

Answer 18

it is in first person past, a clear monolouge and a recount of an impactful event- so autobiographical. he also adds a few present participles such as leaving which show that the events are still prominent in his mind as if hapening still or currently

Question 19

cyclical structure of the prelude

Answer 19

shows the change in mental state from the beginning and the end of the poem
first he says ‘stealth’ showing his arrgance as he beleives he is entitlted to the boat and to exploit nature as he pleases, but at the end it becomes clear that he views him coming back as ‘stole’ he has a new sense of humility for trespassing, hes more aware of natures omnipotence

Question 20

rhyme scheme of the prelude

Answer 20

there is no rhyme scheme as it is an epic monolouge, only a conversational usage of iambic pentameter. its status as an epic poem is conterevesial as there is no clear hero as he does no good deed, rather it can be argued nature is the hgiher power herioic figure or even that its meant on a spiratual level and depicts him maturing and gaining the humility that moulded him to become a leading roamntic.

Question 21

structure of the prelude

Answer 21

there is one huge stanza as is custom in an epic poem, the lack of breakage and pauses combined with the sweeping enjambement that disallows many breath pauses means that as the poem progresses so does the readers inability to continue to speak, this corresponds with the building sense of overwhelm.

Question 22

power in the prelude

Answer 22

wordsworth wants to show the reader his spiratual awakening and intense gsain of humility during the journey he embarks on, beginning very arrogant.
theres a heavy usage of parralelism, first he sees himself pedling through the water in an ‘unswerving line’ as nature is completely abiding to how he wants to steer, juxtaposed with later when he has to ‘struck adn t=struck again’ in order to streer himself down, the repetition exentuating the severity and panic of his situation.
theres also a shift in the volta as first he sees himself through mytholigcal language such as elfine pinannce for his boat, but upon the ralisatation his humility means he looses a lot of eloquence and becomes much more grounded ‘huge peak black and huge’ shows the simplistic vocab rushed and panicked a bit
he adds ‘lead by her’ later showing his naivity at the beginning as he percived he was in control of his autonomy

Question 23

nature in the prelude

Answer 23

before the shift at the volta nature is seen as something very submissive and beautiful, theres a lot of fairytale and expressive imagaery with a light motif in ‘glittering’ and ‘sparkling’ that show both a dazzling beauty and also the passive beauty of nature as he percieved it.
the simile of the boat being a swan may show an early sign of the disturbance and the shoft as a swan is a present thing in nature whilst the speaker is a tresspasser, this could symbolise to the viewers the danger of industry in the enlightonment period and how it will effect the surroundings.
at the volta it becomes clear that a fear of nature stems not from its huge size which was readily understood but the insignificance of man in comparison, it is clear nature has the ultimate timeless power whilst all we do is finite. the shock of ‘huge, black and huge’ is interesting as it juxtoposes the light motif from earlier shifting natures prescence as something complimentary to a clear threat, whilst the lack of vocab shows a new humilty and also a shuddering effect

Question 24

perspective in my last dutchess

Answer 24

It is based in first person monologue in the present tense and takes on the narrative perspective of the duke of ferrera, in doing this browning can give political views in the critical Victorian era with no repercussions, like shelly in ozimandias. The biased perspective means the viewers have to infer the truth and this exposes the lack of female voice in victorian society as they had very restricted rights much like the unjustly killed duchess cannot express her story

Question 25

rhyme scheme in my last dutchess

Answer 25

Very controlled scheme in iambic pentametr shows the obsessive need for power

Question 26

structure in my last dutchess

Answer 26

The play is written in very tightly controlled iambic pentameter, used by shakespeare to show nobility and the usage of subtle enjambment rhyming cuplets and caesura makes it appar far more conversational than it is- showing how men in power try and give a false perception of equality.
Its also only presented in one stanza which has multiple effects; the unwavering length can show a stream of consciousness as if the duke i droning for a long period of time- he dos not have self control only power over others and likely that has caused him to have a lack of this, it also makes it overwhelming to read and tiring like his presence

Question 27

power in charge of the light brigade

Answer 27

This poem is less about the criticism of war than others and more about honoring soldiers whilst subtly recognizing the helpless nature of their demise and how it was morally flawed.the anaphora in theirs not to shows that they have no autonomy or individualism as soldiers, this may be both to criticize the way they have to blindly follow orders but also to not pick out specifics and diminish the other six hundred- instead here the laureate can create a sense of unity and nationalism. The laurite needs to diminish the probably immoral powers of the government by using euphamisms so the home front feel nationalism and bravery instead of anger, for example he says ‘horse and hero fell’ the alliterations of H emphasises the martyr like behaviour of the soldiers whilst diminishing the extent of the attack. However he does not halt to peacefully riticise the miscommunication, he uses a series of metaphors that link to the inevitability of the demise of the soldiers- jaws of death and mouth of hell imply that the soldiers are going to be chewed and eaten by the battle, hell connotations show the peril they are under. Valley of death is the third in this series of metphors and this is a biblical allusion to psalms, it comes from the idea that they had gods protection which is highly iroic as they had been sent on a suicide mission, criticisim of the goverment i feel.

Question 28

structure of charge of light brigade

Answer 28

The anaphora at the beginning of most stanzas has a sudden rhythm that mimics the horses charging and the pack mentality of people running, this is dactylic diameter, its unreleting rhythm shows how choiceless the soldiers were
The meter is usally a satirical poem, so for something this serious it creates a sad tone
Its in ballard form which is often the type used to share stories to commemorate history- fitting

Question 29

rhyme scheme of charge of light brigade

Answer 29

Irregular and sporadic showing the chaos of the battle, but the rhyming couplets maintain a sense of inevitability of the demise of the soldiers

Question 30

bayonet charge context

Answer 30

ted hughes was not born in ww1 nor fought in ww2 so his account of the warfare is not first hand like owens is, but his father was one of a very small number to survive his campaign and hugheses childhood was shaped by his fathers ptsd
this poem is an empathetic tribute to the brutality of trench warfare and to memorialise the suffering of soldierrs

Question 31

bayonet charge structure

Answer 31

Its very chaotic and sporadic mimicking the untameable and panicked nature of war.
The entire first stanza is written using enjambment which helps the readers sympathise with the chaos of the soldiers experience as they would be breathless and flustered, when the sentence ends on a heavy rhetorical question it leaves a lasting impact and intake of breath to amke the reader especially question the societal ideals of warfare
In the second stanza theres a highly contrasting usage of caesura which causes for lots of awkward and long pauses which give the reader time tk assess the rhetorical question and indeed the overall purpose of warfare, overal the confusing mxture of breaks nad overflowing lines show the disjointed and unplanned aspects of warfare

Question 32

bayonet charge perspective

Answer 32

It is written in thied person singular. The writer is focussed on the psychological impacts of war which is ironic as soldiers were trained not to show emotion, indeed he seems desensitised to the physical atrocities of battle and is only broken from his trance like state by the overbearing power of nature
The third person singular aspect focuses on the individual and the impactwar had on each soldier,focuses on the horrors of war. here it is impossible to see the effects of war favourably even if you believe in the national benefits and the sense of honour
The singular also focuses on the suffering and lonesomeness of war, they are negelcted by aid as the soldier is the only human mentioned in the story and neglected by society and forced to simply reconform post war

Question 33

bayonet charge language lolll

Answer 33

Hughes himself as not experienced war and instead is trying to raise awareness and pay tribute in an empathetic fashion by mimagining he is in the warfare, therfore its essential he creates an atmosphere that can reflect the futility and panic of war effetively. He creates a highly sporadic atmosphere using caesura and enjambment that makes the poem very difficult to read as theres elongated breaks as well as the entire first stanza being one sentence, therss no smooth running rhythm. like bayonet charge it begins in medias res which startles the reader as we are thrust into the cneter of the action, creating a tense pace and also ref;ecting the unpredicted experience of war as most young soldiers went through propganda of a quick and chivalrous adventure. In the first stanza hughes uses metaphors to alert the viewers of the facade of nationalism that many soldiers were enlisted by, as the poem begins- in medias res- we get the imagery that he has ‘awoken’ though this could be physical its much ore likely this is referring to a psychological change as the soldier goes over the trencha nd runs to perhaps his death, sleep is a one comfort in these times and draws connotations to peace and freedom from suffering, indeed it could be said hughs is showing the viewer how he has snapped out of a false pretence of what it means to be a soldier and has been awoken to a brutal truth- hence the further metaphor of him crying a ‘patriotic tear’- hed been placed under an illusion that being enlisted in war was an expression of pride and glory for young boys, as commonly stated it would be over by christmas. Hughes als wants to criticse the government for their usage of human lives as pawns in a greater war that is not as relevant as the loss of human life, he does this through a semantic field throughout the poem in which he uses metaphors and personification that blurs the lines between body parts and weapons- the air has a belly- personfiisying it heightening the confusion of war– whilst humans are diminsihed to ‘cold clockwork of the stars and the nations’ this implies that soldiers are using imagery just anotehr cog in the battle between te higher powers- described as stars and nations- here we also have a hard alliteration that draw attention to the useless nature of war whilst also creating more diffculty in reading. This semantic field of blurring positions in war- similar to exposure- is coninued as he ‘lugged a rifle numb as a smashed arm’- lugged shows the difficulty the out of place nature of young soldiers whom have a complete disconnect from their duty, the idea of it being numb shows his lack of pride or bravery and istead just creates a state of misery, also the semantic field is continued here as body parts and blended with weapons creating confusion and highlighting the useless loss of human life that occurs in war

Question 34

langauge in MLD

Answer 34

The duke desperately asserts his physical power over his wife and the person hes addressing throughout using language.
‘My last dutchess’ is a bold opening statement, the possessive pronoun im my implies he holds strong power over his wife and she is a possession. Last is interesting as it tells us he has had several and creates a colloquial tone as if women are easily disposable and are of minimal value. The title dutchess shows the hollow nature of his relations as there is no sentimental value.
He uses multiple rhetorical questions throughout incl ‘will you please sit and look’ it gives the reader a false pretense that he has allowed autonomy to others but the please is a facade and its clear he has complete power over everyones autonomy. As well as this he gets to decide who can view his ex wife which shows the absolute no autonomy of women under his power. He holds her to no sentinel value only art to be observed.
The duke continues to exert his control through mentions of ‘fra pandolf’ a famous artist whom is name dropped in order to boast and show his physical wealth/ status- v important in the victorian era as a sign of power. Later he mentions fra as someone his wife flirts with, but fra is a prefix for a monk so it heightens his unfounded ideas and his complete delusion and despareation for control.
He views himself as more powerful as he has ‘my gift of a 900 year old name’ here he reveals that having a legacy in 19th century society makes you an incredibly important individual who can act freely and also shows how as a women marrying wealthily was the best way to live ones life.
The duke then shows his power through his displeasure with his wife for using any form of autonomy she has, instead of communicating or even confrojting his wife he repeats he ‘chooses never to stoop’ and ‘whod stoop’ implying that to understand a woman you have to physically lower yourself and he belies they should just submit to him unconditionally.
In his wife not doing this the structure becomes worked up and messy in his lack of self control and rage, something halted by ‘it grew; i gave commands’ the three short sentences use caesura to halt the pace of the poem and show how he uses violence and his social status to regain complete power. It also is fairly euphamistic and exposes politically how easy it is for those in wealth to get away with crimes such as murder.
After this shocking confessio his power is shown as the duke is able t easily divert the topic and asks the reader to ‘notice neptune’ as he tames a seahorse- the commanding notice again shows that hecompletely dictates where the reader is looking, shows the insiginficance of his wifes life and also implies that he views himself and indeed men as gods. Whilst women are the undomesticated seahrose who are physically inferior and have to be tamed. It also shows how deeply he values his amterialistic goods.

Question 35

Remains context

Answer 35

Amitige wrote the poems based off of the channel four documentary the not dead based off of the impact of war. It focuses on the tabooed ptsd of soldiers and helped shift ideas of soldiers in an era where people had begun to strongly oppose the morality of war due to the deeply unpopular Iraq war

Question 36

Perspective in remains

Answer 36

• dramatic monolouge
• includes a heavy amount of verbs in the present tense which show it to be a flashback, a sign that the speaker is consantly reliving the events as they’ve deeply impacted him in the present day. It acts as a therapy session or as a conversitional recount by the soldier.
• there’s a shift in perspective duirng the poem, he begins heavily alleviating his own blame by the usage of communal pronouns in ‘the three of us’ yet at the end there’s a very clear isolation of the solider showing his acceptance of responsibility and also the effects of ptsd as it corrupts past memories

Question 37

Langauge in remains

Answer 37

• armitige uses langauge to show how strong the long phsycological effects of war are on a veteran and to criticise socially the taboo of ignoring the ptsd suffered by soldiers
• ‘one another occassion we get sent out’ the poem begins in media res which confuses the reader, mirroring the confusing nature of war to the inexperienced soldiers and making us pity the emotional trauma they are about to endure as we too are shocked by the sudden nature. Reflects the chaos of war. The idea that it was a common event makes it seem very casual and proves to the reader how the trauma was so frequently inflicted on a solider. It also positons is as the reader in a therapist like position as the speaker informs us of the story
• ‘probably armed possibly not’ is anaphorically repeated throughout to heighten how memory is corrupted and guilt is imminent in ptsd. The idea that probably comes first shows how the soldier is looking to convince themselves their actions were moral, yet the repetition of the phrase proves that they are having to convince themselves this and are fixated on it, they doubt it even initially.
• there’s also a heavy usage of colloquial langauge embedded in the deeply violent aspects of the poem showing how normalised and yet scarring the events were to soldiers and how they were forced to brush over it. It also shows how the soldier is trying to lessen their guilt in the flashback
• ‘i see broad daylight’ this is a gruesome imagery that shows the visceral recollection by the speaker. See is present tense and implies the reader cannot separate their past traumas from their home life. Dalyghlt typically has very peacful and joyous connotions of sun and happiness, yet here it is disgusting as it shows the extent of the wound, twists imagery into disgust
• ‘blood shadow’ blood motif and also shows that the blame casts a murky presence even after the body is removed
• ‘leave. But I blink and’ idk see steucture point
• ‘his bloody life on my bloody hands’ continues the motif of blood and suffering that creates very visual violent imagery. Bloody is a pun as it both shows the phsyical suffering of war but is also a frequented curse word which reflects his despair over his actions. Hands are often a symbol of guilt and shows how he alkne has caused this- isolation and ptsd. This is also a Shakespearean allusion to macbeath which uses the motif of blood to snow shame. Macbeath is a murder rather than a war. Armitige is implying here that all forms of murder is immoral and questions serverly the morality of war and those who are falsely sent into it

Question 38

kamikaze context

Answer 38

written by garland to discuss the effect of war on families, how nature and indivuality effect war and how patriorism and jingoism act as a facade that leave soldiers plumeting to their deaths in a percieved act of chiavlry such as the ww2 kamikaze pilots
- conflict in individualism
- conflict in patriorism
- conflict w war
- conflict w nature

Question 39

kamikaze perspective

Answer 39

• comes from the sad perspective of those non fighting but affected by the war
• the poem begins in thirs person despite being spoken by the daughter which shows a dissociation from her father
• at the end of the poem there is a volta and shift to first person perspective which shows how war effected her on a deeper personal level
• i the final line it shifts back cyclically to third person, this could be the writer showing how now the speaker is placing themslves away from the jingoistic society that caused the rift in her family and her fathers death, or this could equally represent her composing herself and shifting back to the complete dissociation of her father as her society would applaud her to act

Question 40

kamikaze structure

Answer 40

• six line stanzas are harsh and controlled which could be representitive of the strict conditions soldiers were put under
• this si completely juxtaposed by the free verse and the enjambemnt throughout the poem. The freedom of the freeverse could have multiple meanings; the lack of control could show the conflcit between that and the harsh stazas which shows the soldiers persoanl battle for autonomy, it could equally represent the very lack of control the soldier had over his agency through the lack of rhythm and rhyme. It also adds authenticity and shows it to be an honest account told by the daughter through its lack of intense rhythm
• the enjambment furthers the conflict between the orderly perciptions of a soldier and the anxiety and agency of the kamikaze pilot. reflects the pilots anxietythrough the breathlessess ad also refelcts a stream of conciousness as this is a persoanl account

Question 41

lanuage in kamikaze

Answer 41

• ‘kamikaze’ best knwon for the suicide missions in ww2 which the poem is about. used post this event to mena hopelessness or actual insanity as the rest of the world could not undertsand the means of the japansnese suicide missions- criticises the patriarchy. Also refers to a typhoon that wiped out a japanese threat off its coast i the 13th century, often shown to beproof of the japanes being supported by the gods- here it could be implying nature is the true power in life or shows how soceity painted the soldiers to be alike to divine intervention, giving them the principles to embark on a suicide mission
• throughout the poem the jingoistic tendancies of japanese society served as a clear reason for the conflict in the poem and is consantly criticised
• ‘embarked at sunrise’ is an allusion to japanese culture often called the land of the rising sun, embark is usually a term for a new mission or a beginning, creates a sense of tragic irony as the pilots aims to send himself to hisd eath- gives us an insight into how these missipns were seen as glory for japan
• the simile ‘like a huge flag’ whilst he looks down at the sea shows how deeply entrenched the idea of patriortism was on the solider as they saw japansese propagnda everywhere they turned- this criticises and also explains how so many willingly entered these missions
  -theres a consatn semanti field of natioanlism throughout in the sword, sunset and flag- all ideals of the japanese- shows how patriosism was deeply entrenched
• nationalism is also shown through his mission as a ‘one way journey into history’ here it shows that soliers were lead to believe they acted, like the earlier typhoon, as divine intervention that could shift the course of a japanese defeat- tragic as it was clear that the kamikaze bombs actually did little damage on the ships and certainly ww2. history itself shows that they were sold that their journeys were famed and celebrated and worth the death, hence the achnowlegement it was to be ‘one way.’ there is no return. Journey creates a calm tone, plays it to be more of a voyage than a suicide
• semantic field of patrioatism is conflcited by a smeantic fieled of anture that represents the importance of humanity and the deeply flawed aspect of the soldier in battle
• ‘strung out like bunting’ simile, typically used for celebration- might show how society is celebrating ominously the deaths of the pilots and creates an unnerving atmosphere.
• theres an intiail juxtaposition of ‘father’ and ‘kamikaze’ which haumnises the soldiers and provides criticism for the stereotype of them as hard people who must die for glory
• semantic field of nature returns w the listing of fish in an overhwekming asyndetic tone. ‘tuna, the dark prince, muscular, dangerous’ serves as a voltta as itis the only full stop in the poem, turning attention sharply towards the new imbalanced power held by a fish. indeed the word prince implies societal superioroty. could represent the isolation and character of the pilot in the poem in contrast to the unfiorm schools in the sentence before, could also show the power of nature. here it shows the power of nature as they ahve the longevty and attention and act as the reason for the fathers change of heart- link to nature representing a break into individualism.

Question 42

war photographer context

Answer 42

• carol anne duffy
• criticises the separation between mundane brittish lives and the atrocities of war
• reflects on the extreme ptsd of veterens even remotely involved in the war
• heavily alludes to the napalm girl photo that hugely struck up portests and questions over the morality of the viet war, reflects on how used to war photographs we have become that it doesnt affect us

Question 43

perpective of war photographer

Answer 43

• despite being an emotionally personal recount its written strictly in third person
• it shows how he is both detached from the conflict so not to be emotionally scarred and detached from the uncaring brittish public whom he refers to as ‘they’

Question 44

structure of war photographer

Answer 44

• writtne with a harsh structure, six line stazas and a typical abbcdd rhyme scheme- reflects the orderly nature of rural england, the unchanging aspect may be reflective of how the photographer is compltely helpless in altering his audiences views. the structure may also represent his very calm and meticulous working nature which its likely he sticks to so not to be lastingly effected by war- plays into duffys criticism of the impact of war on all.
• cyclical structure; ends and begins with him reflecting/ going about his work which shows the futility of his job and his complete inability to change the lack of care held by the brittish public for warzones. the poem ends with a half rhyme in the final line which creates a disjointed sound that highlgihts the speed people return to normality- this is a contrast to the lengthy poem long developement of the foilm and shows how much more the photographer cares than the general public. it ends with despondant bathos

Question 45

Language in war photographer

Answer 45

• duffy presents conflict as something that is negavitvely impactful on everyone who is touched by it- scarring even the photographer in the warzone. she juxtaposes the horrors of the impact of conflict with overt criticism towards the general public whom ignore and brush over the atrocities
• We can see war as traumatic through the phtographers return to ‘rural england’ where he does not once describe his surroudings, instead he views everywhere in compairson to what he saw in war. We can sense rage for england does not have atrocities such as ‘running children’ children asre often a symbol of purity and innocnce, this image draws direct connotations to the napalm girl image that sparked mass outrage over the morality of war
• he criticises the ‘ordinary pain’ that the english public feel, the oxymoron ehre is interesting as it shows the distain for those who are unsympathetic and out of touch. it implies pain is inevitable and human, however english pain is the inevitable sort- leading the reader to question the exremity of suffering in the foreign warzones
• the photographer initially sees his job as a moral obligation, hence using the religious semantic field to depict him as ‘ a priest preparing to impart a mass’ this could symbolise a range of things; duffy could be using the semantic field of liturgical religous imagery to critizse how the english curch preaches morlity however does so little to halt wars, the photographer likens himself to god as in the eucharist god is created out of brad similarly to how he is creating images out of paper. priests job is to connect people directly to god, and its possible here he is insinuating he is connecting the brittish public to the deeply far removed atrocities of war- that it is an obligatio just how relgion is a necessity, similarly priests are tasked with being the last people to see a dead body. its likely here duffy is both depictig how the photographer sees his job as so important it is a e=near religious obligation, and also shows us through the lexis of religon how starkly the preachings of agape in the english public contrast with the reality of war
• ‘spools of suffering’ a spool is a wind of something, he has wound up his trauma in an ordane cyclinder but as he returns home the reality of war is unfolding. sibilence draws in our attentio and creates a hushing sound that may show us how people try to blockade out the reality of warfare
  -the poem ends with a half rhyme in the final line which creates a disjointed sound that highlgihts the speed people return to normality- this is a contrast to the lengthy poem long developement of the foilm and shows how much more the photographer cares than the general public. it ends with despondant bathos, ‘tears’ and ‘beers’.

Question 46

structure of remains

Answer 46

• begins with a lot of communal pronouns and colloquial langauge that ignores his personal guilt and plays into the stereotype of uncaring soldiers
• enjambment; splits up all the violent imagery across lines which builds up the tension- may also symbolise his inability to separate his memories into past and present, this always occurs at key violent moments
• caesura; it is supposed to provide finality but ‘but i blink’- the conjunction but shows how rapidly war can overflow into persoanl life, it interupts the poem abruptly which mirrors how it interupts his memory- forces the reader to break and consider conflict

Question 47

use of language in ComH

Answer 47

• criticse the eurocentric hard set teachings that were impsoed on him as a child in a collonised country and calls for the importance of cultural knowlege and respect for your own heritage
• theres a constant semantic field of childlike history and nursery lessons that he wouldve been taught by the english, these confused facts with folklore to show the utter irrelevancy of the teachings. these childlike references could also tell us agard is stuck in the past and has been frozen as a child as he does not have the knowlege he needs. he also could be depciting the eurocentric view as both irrelvant and also incrdibly warped and childish, using the poem to mock
• on the other hand of this his own heritage is presented in an imcredibly positive light using a semantic field of light imagery- iconic black figures are depcited as ‘healing star’, ‘fire woman’ and ‘yellow sunrise’- all of these draw connotations to positivity and hope. the idea of light conjours an image of guidance and suggests these figures are intrinsic in understanding your own identuty
• these incredibly positive ideals are harshly juxtaposed by his anger over the abuse inflicted on him by the collonists. he states how they have ‘blind me to my own identity’ blind implies phsyical pain and suffering but also that he can no longer envision his heritage, it is a metaphor for coc=ncealemnt.
• similarly imagery that is more violent in tone is used at the end of the poem when agard states he is ‘carving out me own identity’ carving draws connotations to wood, implying he does not have the plasticity of a child and so removing the eucoentric entrenched views is very difficult. it is an active verb which implies the struggle for freedom is ongoing and seems tk be painful.
• finally agard mocks engloish values through the puncuation in this poem, to which he resists using ‘proper’ english punctuation, there is a void of any form of punctuation throughout. he differs even further from the brits by using non standard creole words such as ‘dem’ and ‘dat’ showing his embracing of his own culture

Question 48

perspective in ComH

Answer 48

• theres a volta i the last stanza with a clear shift from the attnetion being on the collonises with ‘dem’ to the first person pronoun ‘i’ which shows his taking control of his history
• this forwards the poems overriding message of how collonisation effects the indiviual

Question 49

structure in ComH

Answer 49

• italics; separate the stories of black figures who he has learned of from the tales he was fed as a child
• repetition; the beginning of every stanza opens with the anaphoric repetition of ‘dem tell me’ which emphasises his anger and need for his story to be told publicly. it could also mirror the dominating nature of the stories he has been told by his collonisers
• rhyme; theres a very basic rhyme scheme and couplets which shows how immature and backwards the european view of things are, it is alaso used to tie toegther white and black stories such as ‘cat’ and ‘dat’ which highlights the need to end segregation
• stanza; they all end with a black story which could show the clear relevancy of his heritage but could alternivitely show how stories were pushed to the back and he had to discover them later in life. all tales of black figures get their own stanza as a sign of celebration and respect which contrasts the childlike mocking ature of the stanza that they follow.
  -enjambment; shows an overflow of emotion and anger on the topic, it also helps tie black and white history onto the same sentence.

Question 50

perspective in london

Answer 50

• dramatic monolouge
• first person, gives a very real and personal account so to be more touching
• conversational and simple vocab creates a poem that can be reached and understood by all, not class specfiic

Question 51

structure in london

Answer 51

• cyclical structure; it begins and ends with the impact of suffering, this may suggest suffering is a consant cycle that has to be ended, like his idolised french rev
• iambic tentmeter; 8 sylables per line, incredibly controlled structure that mimics the relentless control and opression of society
• consistent stanzas and rhyme scheme; very fixed quatrain structure, similar to the tentameter- shows the trapping of the lower classes autonomy by the constraints of the upper class which is relentless and unending. the repeitive nature may also mimic blakes anger that no one will stand up to the system
• small breaks; there are a few breaks in the tight consistency of the structure, represent an opportunity for people to break free- could also represent how beaten dpwn and weak societies poor are.
• first letter of every line in the 3rd stanza; sppels out HEAR, theres a clear focus throughout the poem on auditory suffering- here blake could be telling his audience to phsyically listen out for signs of opression, or asking them to hear closely his message

Question 52

language used in london

Answer 52

• blake uses language to critise the upper class who are inflicting suffering onto all other members of society and hopes to make others more aware of the rapid injustice
• ‘marriage hearse’ is an oxymoronic phrase as marriage is supposed to be a sign of human love and the happiest day for the participants, but it is starkly contrasted by the connotations to death ad grief in hearse, blake is implying that women when married have no rights and are subject to their husband abuse, essentially marriage is the death of a womans character. he is here criticising how societal stadards have killed expressions of human care and love and made everything abusive and transactional
• ‘in every’ is anaphorically repeated seven times throughout, really emphasises the way that suffering and opresion cannot be escaped, the repetition begins to feel quite dull and reptitive which really brings blakes point that misery is everywhere and tiring
• ‘chartered’ is also repeated in the poem. it is used by blake again to blame privatisation and the wealthy for the oppression of others, chartered refers to the buying of public areas by the wealthy. indeed he implies men have become so greedy that even the thames is now man owned, however the thames still ‘flows’ which is oxymoronic and symbolises the trnascedant power of ature.
• he also blames organised religion, something he defies, for suffering as he states the ‘blackening church appalls’- blackening could bea call to the industrial revolution and the prescnce of smog but also means a continual shift from morality to evil- implying the church, the base of morals, has been corrupted by power. he is criticising how they apall society wrogs but do not act to stop them
• fianlly he calls to those oppresssed as having ‘mind forged macles’. manacles draw connotations to slavery, a complete lack of autonomy, that imply that the poor are prisoners to society, but also mentally they are enslaved as they are so weak to change anythong- opression has been internalised. this also draws a connotation of hope as he feels all society needs to do is to reverse the stadards they have been set mentally and break free like the french in order to reform.

Question 53

emigree perspective

Answer 53

• first person personal account, creates a tone of realness and envokes sympathy for the writer

Question 54

emigree structure

Answer 54

• free verse with no rhyme/rhythm; creates a sense of chaos that may represent the war torn countrys instability, may also presen the writers freedom
• some order in the stanza lengths; shows how the new city is trying to contain/suppress her as an immigrant
• enjambment; in the last stanza the word walls is separated from the rest of the sentence, it is isolated which draws attnetion to it and draws connotations of entrapment

Question 55

language in emigree

Answer 55

• used to depict her memroies of the city as inately childlike and warped but also very positive, whilst her experience with cultures that are not her own are present and fearful
• poem begis with ‘there was once a country…’ which is a fantacised play on the typical fairtale opening. from this we get the impression her idea of the city is fictional, whilst temporal delexis shows the childlike perspective. from this we can also understand the infantilised nature of the speakers ideas and its unreliability- this is furthered by the elipsis which is symbolic of her having to take a breath
• at the end of every staza theres an epistrophe in reference to sunlight which draws connotations to hope and peace, we can see how light and hopeful her ideas of the city are. ‘branded by an impression of sunlight’ shows permincency, but she is welcoming it as she has been scarred by her warped ideas of the city. an impression reflects how this is not the truthful outlook.
  ‘filled paperwight’ is tying her dow in reference to her ideas of the city, this both grounds her but also keeps her trapped in the past. paperweights are typically memorabelia sold in city gift shops as souvenirs which represent an idilic naive version of an area- perhaps it is implied here her memory is naive
• we can see her disbelief at the flaws in her culture through the subjunctive case of ‘it may’ she sees the war torn area as hypothetical, with the anaphoric reptition highlighting her disbelief there is any wrongs in her culture.
• she has both an infants and also an inately materanl and protective view of her city against the news and the future of it, she ‘combs its hair. and against the racism she faces she claims her city ‘hides behind her’ as if she is their protector
• on the other hand the reptiton of they feels very accusitory and present, ‘tey accuse me of being dark in their free city’ juxtaposes the motif of light which connotatates to hope and joy, implying those i the city see her as a negative ominous prescence due to her culture. free city is mocking of western cities who claim democracy but are often intrincially racist, ineed dark could also refer to her skin tone.-repetition; ‘they’ is a very accusitive agressive tone that envokes the hostility of the new city. alienates the first person writer and reflects the rejection she faces due to her culture

Question 56

Tissue context

Answer 56

• dhakers husband had recently died of cancer after an 11 year battle which may have given her an insight into the temporary nature of human life
• dhaker dislikes and criticises the materialistic nature of humans and wants to expose them as fragile and futile beings who live under a facade of power

Question 57

Langauge in tissue

Answer 57

• extended metaphor of tissue/motif: likens human life to tissue thin paper which is futile and weak. Double meaning as humans and indeed society are made of tissue which is a group of cells. Shows how humans hold faith in these materialistic objects as if they hold power, but looks to reveal the intrinsically fleeting nature of all of humanity and their creations
• ‘maps too. Sun shines through’ maps are lines and borders created by humans to limit others, this shows how much false faith humans put in paper objects and how sometthing so futile such as weak paper can hold such impact. This is juxtaposed by the idea of the sun- symbolism for the truth of life or perhaps the divine- being able to easily penetrate these man made borders, proving that humans idea of strength is meaningless and fleeting
• motif of light: shows truth and englightmenrt and how this outlives the futility of man. Could symbolise religion and how we should focus on the divine rather than materialistic objects as light conotes to god. could also just represent the importance of embracing the teanscient nature of life rather than living under the facade that we are overtly more powerful
• she explains humans are ‘never meant to last’ which exposes us as being fleeting and forces us to understand our prescence on the earth
• she also criticises further through the motif of paper the weakness of humanity and the false faith we hold in materialism. She states through the simile that we left wealth ‘fly our lives like paper kites’ this implies we let ourselves be dictated by wealth rather than human relations, the word ‘fly’ connotes to a complete lack of autonomy