Pneumonia Flashcards
What is pneumonia in the context of neonatal health?
Infection of the fetal or newborn lung
May be intrauterine or neonatal
What are the two types of pneumonia based on the timing of infection?
Intrauterine and Neonatal
Intrauterine pneumonia can occur via ascending infection or transplacental transmission
What is the incidence of pneumonia in term vs. preterm infants?
1% of term infants, 10% of preterm infants
Risk of infection is greatest in preterm infants due to immature immune systems
List some common pathogens causing neonatal pneumonia.
- Group B strep
- E. Coli
- Staphylococcus Aureus
- Klebsiella
- H. Influenza type B
- CMV
- Herpes
- Enteroviruses
- Chlamydia
- Tuberculosis
What maternal condition may be present with congenital pneumonia?
Chorioamnionitis
Evidence of pulmonary inflammation is found in 15-38% of stillborn infants at autopsy
What are some clinical presentations of neonatal pneumonia?
- Tachypnea
- Grunting
- Retractions
- Cyanosis
- Hypoxemia
- Hypercapnia
What factors may indicate a higher risk for neonatal pneumonia?
- Labor > 24 hours
- Prolonged rupture of membranes
- Maternal fever
- Foul-smelling or purulent amniotic fluid
What are common radiologic findings in neonatal pneumonia?
- Diffuse haziness
- Streakiness with clearing at periphery
- Fluid in fissure
- Pleural effusions
What should be included in the differential diagnosis for neonatal pneumonia?
- RDS
- Sepsis
- TTN
- Meconium aspiration
- Lung hypoplasia
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Congenital heart disease
What are potential complications of neonatal pneumonia?
- Respiratory failure
- Meningitis
- Cardiopulmonary complications
- Septic shock
- DIC
- PPHN
What are key management strategies for neonatal pneumonia?
- Antibiotic therapy
- Supportive care
- Monitor blood pressure and treat hypotension
- Maintain oxygenation and ventilation
Fill in the blank: The risk of infection is greatest in _______ infants because of immature immune systems.
preterm
What is the significance of obtaining ABG values in pneumonia management?
To assess for severe metabolic acidosis
ABG values should be obtained because metabolic acidosis may be severe
True or False: The pathogens causing neonatal pneumonia are generally the same as those acquired in utero.
False
Pathogens are generally different from those acquired in utero
What is the effect of prolonged rupture of membranes on the risk of pneumonia?
Increases risk of infection as ascending organisms may infect amniotic fluid
Can cross closed membranes
What type of transfusions may be considered when conventional treatment has failed?
- Exchange transfusion
- Granulocyte transfusion
- IVIG
