Abdominal and GU Assessment Flashcards
What should be carefully reviewed in the prenatal history?
Prenatal/antenatal history form
Includes antenatal ultrasound findings.
What can copious oral secretions at delivery indicate?
Esophageal atresia
What does bilious gastric contents at delivery suggest?
Bowel obstruction
What is the preferred state for performing observation/inspection?
Quiet state
What is the normal appearance of the skin during abdominal inspection?
Color should be pink with a few large visible veins
What does a sunken or scaphoid abdomen indicate?
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What does a flaccid or lumpy abdomen suggest?
Prune belly syndrome
What could a markedly distended abdomen indicate?
Bowel obstruction or NEC
What characterizes meconium ileus?
Can present at birth with abdominal distention
What is diastasis recti?
Midline separation of the rectus abdominis muscles
What typically happens to an umbilical hernia by 2 years of age?
Usually closes spontaneously
What is an epigastric hernia?
Small, firm, palpable nodule between the umbilicus and xiphoid process
What are the components of the umbilical cord?
2 arteries and 1 vein
What does erythema surrounding the umbilical cord suggest?
Irritation/mechanical omphalitis
What is omphalocele?
Herniation of the abdominal contents through the umbilical cord
What is gastroschisis?
Defect in the abdominal wall through which bowel protrudes
What is exstrophy of the bladder?
Results from lack of normal formation of the lower abdominal wall
What should be inspected in the perianal area?
Presence and placement of the anal opening, sphincter tone, fistulous tract
When should auscultation be performed during the examination?
Before palpation
What is a normal finding when palpating the liver?
Liver edge should be smooth, firm and sharp
What can a boggy liver indicate?
Congestive heart failure
What does a palpable spleen tip of more than 1 cm below the left costal margin indicate?
Abnormal finding
What is the best time to palpate the kidneys?
Before the bowel fills with air
What is the normal size and consistency of the kidney when palpating?
Size and consistency of a large ripe olive
What does continuous distention of the bladder indicate?
Urinary tract obstruction or CNS abnormality
What is the most common type of abdominal mass in neonates?
Renal masses
What are the common causes of abdominal masses in neonates?
- Renal masses
- Adrenal masses
- Enlarged liver
- Duplications of the gastrointestinal tract
- Pelvic and Genital tract
What is the incidence of inguinal hernias in term and premature newborns?
0.5-1% in term newborns, 5-10% in premature newborns
What could weak femoral pulses indicate?
Evaluate for CHD – often with aortic arch anomalies
What should the inspection of the male genitourinary system include?
- Scrotum
- Penis
- Urethral meatus
What is the principle of abdominal and genitourinary examination?
Observation, auscultation, and palpation
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a congenital defect characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through the umbilical cord.
Omphalocele
