Abdominal and GU Assessment

Question 1

What should be carefully reviewed in the prenatal history?

Answer 1

Prenatal/antenatal history form

Includes antenatal ultrasound findings.

Question 2

What can copious oral secretions at delivery indicate?

Answer 2

Esophageal atresia

Question 3

What does bilious gastric contents at delivery suggest?

Answer 3

Bowel obstruction

Question 4

What is the preferred state for performing observation/inspection?

Answer 4

Quiet state

Question 5

What is the normal appearance of the skin during abdominal inspection?

Answer 5

Color should be pink with a few large visible veins

Question 6

What does a sunken or scaphoid abdomen indicate?

Answer 6

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 7

What does a flaccid or lumpy abdomen suggest?

Answer 7

Prune belly syndrome

Question 8

What could a markedly distended abdomen indicate?

Answer 8

Bowel obstruction or NEC

Question 9

What characterizes meconium ileus?

Answer 9

Can present at birth with abdominal distention

Question 10

What is diastasis recti?

Answer 10

Midline separation of the rectus abdominis muscles

Question 11

What typically happens to an umbilical hernia by 2 years of age?

Answer 11

Usually closes spontaneously

Question 12

What is an epigastric hernia?

Answer 12

Small, firm, palpable nodule between the umbilicus and xiphoid process

Question 13

What are the components of the umbilical cord?

Answer 13

2 arteries and 1 vein

Question 14

What does erythema surrounding the umbilical cord suggest?

Answer 14

Irritation/mechanical omphalitis

Question 15

What is omphalocele?

Answer 15

Herniation of the abdominal contents through the umbilical cord

Question 16

What is gastroschisis?

Answer 16

Defect in the abdominal wall through which bowel protrudes

Question 17

What is exstrophy of the bladder?

Answer 17

Results from lack of normal formation of the lower abdominal wall

Question 18

What should be inspected in the perianal area?

Answer 18

Presence and placement of the anal opening, sphincter tone, fistulous tract

Question 19

When should auscultation be performed during the examination?

Answer 19

Before palpation

Question 20

What is a normal finding when palpating the liver?

Answer 20

Liver edge should be smooth, firm and sharp

Question 21

What can a boggy liver indicate?

Answer 21

Congestive heart failure

Question 22

What does a palpable spleen tip of more than 1 cm below the left costal margin indicate?

Answer 22

Abnormal finding

Question 23

What is the best time to palpate the kidneys?

Answer 23

Before the bowel fills with air

Question 24

What is the normal size and consistency of the kidney when palpating?

Answer 24

Size and consistency of a large ripe olive

Question 25

What does continuous distention of the bladder indicate?

Answer 25

Urinary tract obstruction or CNS abnormality

Question 26

What is the most common type of abdominal mass in neonates?

Answer 26

Renal masses

Question 27

What are the common causes of abdominal masses in neonates?

Answer 27

• Renal masses
• Adrenal masses
• Enlarged liver
• Duplications of the gastrointestinal tract
• Pelvic and Genital tract

Question 28

What is the incidence of inguinal hernias in term and premature newborns?

Answer 28

0.5-1% in term newborns, 5-10% in premature newborns

Question 29

What could weak femoral pulses indicate?

Answer 29

Evaluate for CHD – often with aortic arch anomalies

Question 30

What should the inspection of the male genitourinary system include?

Answer 30

• Scrotum
• Penis
• Urethral meatus

Question 31

What is the principle of abdominal and genitourinary examination?

Answer 31

Observation, auscultation, and palpation

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a congenital defect characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through the umbilical cord.

Answer 32

Omphalocele