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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Accelerated destruction of red blood cells (RBC)

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2
Q

What usually happens to reticulocyte count in hemolytic anemia?

A

Increased reticulocyte count except in cases of bone marrow suppression

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3
Q

What is alloimmune hemolytic anemia?

A

Destruction of fetal or neonatal RBCs by maternal IgG antibodies

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4
Q

What are some causes of anemia?

A
  • Consumption/Destruction
  • Infection (Viral and bacterial)
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • Maternal autoimmune thrombocytopenia
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5
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Platelet count < 120,000

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6
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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7
Q

What is the treatment for thrombocytopenia in the absence of signs/symptoms?

A

Controversial, consider conservative management with adequate hydration

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8
Q

What is the goal of treatment for polycythemia?

A

Reduce hematocrit to less than 60%

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9
Q

What are the clinical presentations of polycythemia?

A
  • Asymptomatic
  • Plethora
  • Cyanosis
  • Respiratory distress
  • Lethargy
  • Jitteriness
  • Seizures
  • Congestive heart failure
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10
Q

What is hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

A

A condition caused by vitamin K deficiency leading to bleeding

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11
Q

What are the clinical presentations of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?

A
  • Pallor
  • Localized or diffuse bleeding
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding
  • Jaundice
  • Intraventricular or intracranial hemorrhage
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12
Q

What is the etiology of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

Antibody developed by mother against paternally inherited antigen on baby’s platelets

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13
Q

What is the treatment for neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

Transfusion of washed, irradiated maternal platelets

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14
Q

What is the incidence of vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

A

0.4 – 1.7 per 100 live births

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15
Q

What are the risks of transfusion?

A
  • Infection
  • Transfusion reactions
  • Metabolic complications
  • Graft versus host disease
  • Fluid overload
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16
Q

What is Rh disease?

A

Condition where Rh negative mother produces anti-D IgG against Rh positive blood

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17
Q

What is the treatment for Rh disease?

A

rhoGAM to destroy Rh positive fetal cells in mother’s bloodstream

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18
Q

What is α thalassemia?

A

Defect in synthesis of globin chains leading to ineffective erythropoiesis

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19
Q

What is β thalassemia?

A

Not usually diagnosed before 2 months of age, presents with hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

What does G6PD deficiency lead to?

A

Weakens red cell wall making it more susceptible to destruction

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21
Q

What happens in sickle cell disease?

A

Neonates are generally asymptomatic but can develop complications

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22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of anemia?

A
  • Pallor
  • Shallow, rapid, irregular respirations
  • Tachycardia
  • Weak, absent pulses
  • Hypotension
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23
Q

What are the normal values of WBC in term infants?

A

10,000 – 26,000

24
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count for preterm infants?

25
What are the laboratory studies for diagnosing anemia?
* CBC and differential * Retic count * Hemoglobin * Total and direct bilirubin
26
What is the significance of a D-Dimer test?
Marker for endogenous thrombin/plasmin production
27
What is the role of vitamin K in coagulation?
Required for the activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X
28
What is the main complication of polycythemia?
Increased blood viscosity leading to decreased blood flow to organs
29
Fill in the blank: The treatment for acute anemia includes ______.
Whole blood or packed red blood cells (PRBCs)
30
True or False: Thrombocytopenia is usually symptomatic.
False
31
What are the normal hematocrit values for preterm infants?
45% - 50% ## Footnote Hematocrit values gradually decrease during the first 6 weeks of life.
32
What are the normal hematocrit values for term infants?
50% - 60% ## Footnote Hematocrit values may not reflect volume changes from delayed cord clamping.
33
What is the life span of red blood cells (RBCs) in adults?
100-120 days
34
What is the life span of red blood cells (RBCs) in term infants?
60-70 days
35
What is the life span of red blood cells (RBCs) in preterm infants?
35-50 days
36
What is the major iron-carrying component of red blood cells?
Hemoglobin
37
What are the normal hemoglobin values for preterm infants?
14-16 gm/dl
38
What are the normal hemoglobin values for term infants?
16-18 gm/dl
39
What is the function of erythropoietin?
Regulates the production of RBCs
40
What factors can increase erythropoietin levels?
Anemia and low oxygen availability
41
What is the significance of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs)?
Indicates chronic fetal hypoxia or placental insufficiency
42
What are the components of a complete blood count (CBC)?
* RBCs * Hemoglobin * Hematocrit * Platelets * Reticulocytes * WBCs
43
What are the normal values of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in neonates?
2,500 – 13,000
44
What does a left shift in neutrophils indicate?
Increased immature neutrophils in response to infection
45
What are the types of white blood cells (WBCs)?
* Neutrophils * Lymphocytes * Monocytes * Eosinophils * Basophils
46
What is neutropenia?
Exists when an infant consumes its neutrophil pool faster than it can be replenished
47
What is the role of eosinophils?
Commonly associated with allergic responses or parasites
48
What are the common inherited bleeding disorders?
* Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) * Hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency) * von Willebrand disease
49
True or False: Capillary hemoglobin values are lower than venous values.
False
50
Fill in the blank: The RBC life span in term infants is ______ days.
60-70
51
What is the clinical presentation of anemia in infants?
Hgb < 13 gm/dl or Hct < 40% during the first week after birth
52
What is the definition of iatrogenic blood loss?
Significant blood loss due to medical interventions during a patient's hospital course
53
What factors can affect complete blood count (CBC) values?
* Site of blood draw * Activity level of the infant * Iatrogenic losses
54
What is the function of basophils?
Secrete anticoagulant and vasodilatory substances
55
What is the significance of reticulocytes in the blood?
Indicates the production of new red blood cells
56
What does a high level of immature neutrophils suggest?
Depletion of the neutrophil storage pool

Newborn Assessment (22 decks)

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