Pneumonia

Question 1

What are the common community-acquired causes of pneumonia?

Answer 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Question 2

What are the early-onset hospital-acquired causes of pneumonia?

Answer 2

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Viral.

Question 3

What are the late-onset hospital-acquired causes of pneumonia?

Answer 3

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp., Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative enterics, MRSA.

Question 4

What are the atypical causes of pneumonia?

Answer 4

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophilia.

Question 5

What are the viral causes of pneumonia?

Answer 5

RSV Virus, Influenza A or B, Parainfluenza Virus.

Question 6

What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

Answer 6

Inflammation in the alveolar walls, Fluid and pus filling the air space, Contains bacteria and blood cells.

Question 7

What are the systemic signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 7

High Fever, Chills.

Question 8

What are the lung-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 8

Cough with sputum or phlegm, Shortness of breath, Pleuritic Chest Pain, Haemoptysis (coughing up blood).

Question 9

What are the muscular signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 9

Fatigue, Aches.

Question 10

What are the central signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 10

Headaches, Loss of Appetite, Mood Swings.

Question 11

What are the vascular signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 11

Low Blood Pressure.

Question 12

What are the heart-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 12

High Heart Rate.

Question 13

What are the gastric signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 13

Nausea, Vomiting.

Question 14

What are the joint-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer 14

Pain.

Question 15

What are the risk factors for pneumonia?

Answer 15

Age > 65 years old, Living in a healthcare setting, COPD, Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, Poor Oral Hygiene, Use of PPIs, Contact with Children.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of potentially life-threatening antibiotic treatment for pneumonia?

Answer 16

Prompt, Initially Empirical, Broad Spectrum, Bactericidal, High Dose, Appropriate Duration.

Question 17

What antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumonia?

Answer 17

Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin.

Question 18

What are the basic observations in a physical examination for pneumonia?

Answer 18

Temperature, Respiratory Rate, BP, Pulse, Oxygen Saturation.

Question 19

What might auscultation of the chest reveal in pneumonia?

Answer 19

Crackles, Ronchi, Bronchial Breathing.

Question 20

What might percussion of the chest reveal in pneumonia?

Answer 20

Dull Thud.

Question 21

What investigations are conducted for pneumonia?

Answer 21

Chest X-Ray, Sputum Culture/Gram Stain, Blood Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing, Full Blood Count, Arterial Blood Gas, Urinary antigen testing, PCR/serological tests.

Question 22

What are the differential diagnoses for pneumonia?

Answer 22

COVID-19, Acute Bronchitis, Congestive Heart Failure, COPD Exacerbation, Asthma Exacerbation, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Embolism.

Question 23

What are the red flags for referral in pneumonia cases?

Answer 23

Symptoms suggesting serious illness, CRB-65 Score of 3 or more, Low O2 saturation on pulse oximetry.

Question 24

What are the complications of CAP?

Answer 24

Pleural Effusion, Empyema, Lung Abscesses, Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Question 25

What are the self-care recommendations for pneumonia?

Answer 25

Rest, Drink Plenty of Fluids, Nutrition, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Completing the antibiotic course.

Question 26

What are the prevention methods for pneumonia?

Answer 26

Pneumococcal Vaccine, Flu Vaccine, Wash Hands Regularly, Don’t Share Cups/Utensils, Limit Contact with Ill People, Keep Healthy Weight, Stop Smoking.