Pneumonia Flashcards
What are the common community-acquired causes of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
What are the early-onset hospital-acquired causes of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis, Viral.
What are the late-onset hospital-acquired causes of pneumonia?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp., Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative enterics, MRSA.
What are the atypical causes of pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophilia.
What are the viral causes of pneumonia?
RSV Virus, Influenza A or B, Parainfluenza Virus.
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
Inflammation in the alveolar walls, Fluid and pus filling the air space, Contains bacteria and blood cells.
What are the systemic signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
High Fever, Chills.
What are the lung-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Cough with sputum or phlegm, Shortness of breath, Pleuritic Chest Pain, Haemoptysis (coughing up blood).
What are the muscular signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Fatigue, Aches.
What are the central signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Headaches, Loss of Appetite, Mood Swings.
What are the vascular signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Low Blood Pressure.
What are the heart-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
High Heart Rate.
What are the gastric signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Nausea, Vomiting.
What are the joint-related signs and symptoms of pneumonia?
Pain.
What are the risk factors for pneumonia?
Age > 65 years old, Living in a healthcare setting, COPD, Smoking, Alcohol Abuse, Poor Oral Hygiene, Use of PPIs, Contact with Children.
What are the characteristics of potentially life-threatening antibiotic treatment for pneumonia?
Prompt, Initially Empirical, Broad Spectrum, Bactericidal, High Dose, Appropriate Duration.
What antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumonia?
Amoxicillin, Doxycycline, Clarithromycin, Erythromycin.
What are the basic observations in a physical examination for pneumonia?
Temperature, Respiratory Rate, BP, Pulse, Oxygen Saturation.
What might auscultation of the chest reveal in pneumonia?
Crackles, Ronchi, Bronchial Breathing.
What might percussion of the chest reveal in pneumonia?
Dull Thud.
What investigations are conducted for pneumonia?
Chest X-Ray, Sputum Culture/Gram Stain, Blood Culture and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing, Full Blood Count, Arterial Blood Gas, Urinary antigen testing, PCR/serological tests.
What are the differential diagnoses for pneumonia?
COVID-19, Acute Bronchitis, Congestive Heart Failure, COPD Exacerbation, Asthma Exacerbation, Tuberculosis, Lung Cancer, Pulmonary Embolism.
What are the red flags for referral in pneumonia cases?
Symptoms suggesting serious illness, CRB-65 Score of 3 or more, Low O2 saturation on pulse oximetry.
What are the complications of CAP?
Pleural Effusion, Empyema, Lung Abscesses, Sepsis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
What are the self-care recommendations for pneumonia?
Rest, Drink Plenty of Fluids, Nutrition, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Completing the antibiotic course.
What are the prevention methods for pneumonia?
Pneumococcal Vaccine, Flu Vaccine, Wash Hands Regularly, Don’t Share Cups/Utensils, Limit Contact with Ill People, Keep Healthy Weight, Stop Smoking.
