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Micro/Immuno > pneumococcus- Daniels > Flashcards

pneumococcus- Daniels Flashcards

1
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae characteristics

A
  • gram positive cocci
  • diplococci
  • aerotolerant anaerobe
  • non spore forming
  • encapsulated
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2
Q

s. pneumoniae is the main cause of _____

A

community-acquired pneumonia worldwide

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3
Q

s. pneumoniae exhibits ___ hemolysis on blood agar

A

alpha

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4
Q

____ of young children is major reservoir for s. pneumonia

A

nasopharyngeal mucosa

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5
Q

transmission of s. pneu is by ____/____

A

respiratory secretions; hands

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6
Q

risk factors for establishment of infection

A
  • viral infection (esp influenza)
  • fluid in lungs for any reason
  • season (winter/spring)
  • smoking
  • loss of consciousness (aspiration)
  • high risk comorbities, age, demographics
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7
Q

s. pneumoniae can cause ____ in children and potential ____ to pneumonia in adults

A

otitis media (middle ear infection); sequelae

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8
Q

pneumonia in adults can cause ____ and _____

A

pleural effusion (fluid in chest, outside lungs); bacteremia –> meningitis

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9
Q

pneumococcus diagnosis

A
  • presumptive from gram-stained sputum

- culture

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10
Q

pneumococcus therapy

A
  • penicillins and other beta lactams (resistance is a concern)
  • macrolides like erythromicin and azithromycin)
  • fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin)
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11
Q

vaccine products are compromised of ____ (capsular) from multiple strains of s. pneumoniae

A

polysaccharide antigens

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12
Q

legionella pneumophila characteristics

A
  • gram negative pleomorphic rod
  • obligate aerobe
  • fastidious; requires special conditions for lab
  • cysteine requirement is identifying
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13
Q

L. pneumophila is transmitted through contaminated ____; is a parasite of _____

A

water; protozoa

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14
Q

l. pneumophila is ____ and is spread through _____ (NOT spread by cough)

A

thermotolerant (withstands 46C); environmental aerosols

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15
Q

virulent strains of l. pneumophila multiply within _____ (double membrane of rough ER)

A

autophagosomes

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16
Q

l. pneumophila have a ____ immune response; includes secretion of ____ and causes _____

A

cell-mediated; IFN-gamma; iron sequestration

17
Q

virulence/proinflammatory mechanisms of L. pneumophila

A
  • survival in macrophages

- LPS, flagellin

18
Q

treatment for L. pneumphila

A

antimicrobials with good intracellular penetration; macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines

19
Q

penicillin not effective for L. pneumophila bc:

A

they do not reach therapeutic concentrations in macrophages

20
Q

bordetella pertussis and parapertussis characteristics:

A
  • gram negative rod
  • obligate aerobe
  • very contagious
  • cause of whooping couch
21
Q

pertussis colonizes the ____ and accesses the _____

A

nasopharynx; trachea/bronchi

22
Q

ciliary adherence of pertussis via:

A
  • filamentous hemagglutinin (Fha)
  • pili (fimbriae)
  • pertactin (a protein)
23
Q

stages of pertussis seen clinically

A
  1. catarrhal stage
  2. paroxysmal stage
  3. covalescent stage
24
Q

2 vaccines with acellular pertussis

A

DTaP- diptheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (routine 5 doses)
TDaP- lower doses of diptheria and pertussis components

25
Q

canine infectious tracheobronchitis; part of kennel cough complex; rarely affects humans

A

bordetella bronchiseptica

26
Q

mycobacterium species cause:

A
  • tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)
  • leprosy (M. leprae)
  • opportunistic diseases from tattoos, plastic surgery, environmental wounds, etc.
27
Q

mycobacterium are ____ bacteria

A

acid fast

28
Q

characteristics of mycobacterium

A
  • gram positive obligate aerobes
  • non-spore formers
  • thick waxy cell wall
  • mycolic acid binds carbol fuscin dye
29
Q

diagnosis of tuberculosis

A

-intradermal skin test (use of killed antigen)
-acid fast sputum test
culture- very slow growing
PCR

30
Q

leprosy is a ____ disease; organism prefers ____ temperature; spreads via _____ route

A

granulomatous; low (skin); respiratory

31
Q

2 types of leprosy

A

tuberculoid and lepromateous

32
Q

milder form of leprosy, may be self limiting; very few bacteria present in lesions

A

tuberculoid leprosy

33
Q

in lepromatous leprosy which is severe and disfiguring, ____ is significantly decreased

A

cell mediated immunity

Micro/Immuno (15 decks)

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