immunology

Question 1

immune cells: aliases are ____ and ____

Answer 1

WBCs; leukocytes

Question 2

all leukocytes are derived from ____ in ____

Answer 2

hematopoietic stem cells; bone marrow

Question 3

myeloid cells are are leukocytes derived from a _____

Answer 3

myeloid progenitor cell

Question 4

natural killer cells are ____ immune cells

Answer 4

innate

Question 5

T cells are B cells are ____ immune cells

Answer 5

adaptive

Question 6

lymphoid cells are leukocytes derived from _____ and include:

Answer 6

lymphoid progenitor cell; B cells, T cells, and NK cells

Question 7

myeloid progenitor cells give rise to ____ including:

Answer 7

granulocytes; basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Question 8

monocytes in circulation differentiate into ____ in tissue

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

natural killer cells nonspecifically kill ____ and _____

Answer 9

virus infected; tumor cells

Question 10

eosinophils have proteins in granules that are effective in killing certain ____; involved in ____ and _____ particularly in the skin and airway

Answer 10

parasites; inflammatory; allergic responses

Question 11

polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) or ____ are recruited to site of infection where they ____ invading organisms and kill them intracellularly ; can contribute to tissue damage during ____

Answer 11

neutrophils; phagocytose; inflammation

Question 12

___ and ___ are considered 1st responders

Answer 12

natural killer cells and neutrophils

Question 13

____ main function is phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

main function is antigen processing and presentation to T cells

Answer 14

dendritic cell

Question 15

dendritic cells are critical in initiating the _____

Answer 15

adaptive immune response

Question 16

natural killer cells can produce ____ for macrophages early in infection

Answer 16

cytokines

Question 17

NK are ____, but they are NOT _____

Answer 17

lymphocytes; antigen-specific (innate immune system)

Question 18

neutrophils are phagocytic cells that contain an arsenal of ____ and ____; they have a characteristic ____

Answer 18

lysozymes; antibiotic proteins; multilobed nucleus

Question 19

phagocytes can degrade ____

Answer 19

phagocytosed microbes

Question 20

____ are the largest type of WBC (leukocyte)

Answer 20

monocytes

Question 21

____ are the most common type of WBC in the body

Answer 21

neutrophils

Question 22

____ are the least common type of WBC

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

____ are very similar to basophils but are found in tissues (not blood)

Answer 23

mast cells

Question 24

____ is primary mediator for mast cells/basophils

Answer 24

histamine

Question 25

monocytes in the blood become ____ in the ____

Answer 25

macrophages; tissue

Question 26

monocytes/macrophages are ____ cells that are extremely important in ____ and _____

Answer 26

phagocytic; antigen presentation; clearance of dead cells and debris

Question 27

dendritic cells generally referred to as ____ or _____

Answer 27

antigen presenting cells; professional antigen presenting cells

Question 28

additional important function of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells:

Answer 28

production of cytokines and chemokines

Question 29

cytokines mediate ____ and ____ reactions

Answer 29

inflammatory; immune

Question 30

chemokines are low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate _____ and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the ___ to the ____

Answer 30

leukocyte movement; blood; tissues

Question 31

principal cell type that links the innate immune response to the adaptive immune response

Answer 31

``` dendritic cell (macrophages can do this too) ```

Question 32

link between innate and adaptive immunity is between the ____ and the ____

Answer 32

periphery; lymph nodes

Question 33

B lymphocytes mature in the ____ and T lymphocytes mature in the ____

Answer 33

bone marrow; thymus

Question 34

3 reasons why lymphocytes are extremely important for adaptive immunity

Answer 34

immunologic specificity immune regulation immune memory (basis for vaccines)

Question 35

2 arms of adaptive immunity

Answer 35

humoral arm | cell-mediated arm

Question 36

humoral primarily effective against ____ microbes and cell-mediated effective against ____

Answer 36

extracellular microbes; intracellular pathogens

Question 37

how do we tell immune cells apart?

Answer 37

cluster of differentiation (CD) markers

Question 38

CD3+ cells are ____ CD4+ cells are ____ CD8+ cells are ____

Answer 38

T cells helper T cells cytotoxic T cells

Question 39

any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system

Answer 39

antigen (Ag)

Question 40

types of antigens

Answer 40

immunogen tolerogen allergan

Question 41

endogenous antigens presented by APCs to ____ | exogenous antigens presented by APCs to ____

Answer 41

CD8+ T cells | CD4+ T cells

Question 42

3 distinct phases of adaptive immunity

Answer 42

1. recognition of antigen 2. activation of lymphocytes 3. elimination of antigen (effector phase)

Question 43

humoral immunity is mediated by ____ and cell-mediated immunity is mediated by ____

Answer 43

B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes

Question 44

innate immune system cells detect and respond to invading pathogens by ____ which recognize ____

Answer 44

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) | PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Question 45

____ are also known as pattern recognition receptors

Answer 45

toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Question 46

immune consequence of TLR recognition of a PAMP

Answer 46

TLR signaling cascades | adaptor proteins, protein kinases, transcription factors

Question 47

how do cells of the innate immune response detect antigen?

Answer 47

extracellular surface TLRs | intracellular endosomal TLRs

Question 48

how do cells of the adaptive immune response recognize antigen?

Answer 48

CD4+ T cells recognize antigen+MHCII | CD8+ T cells recognize antigen+MHC1