immunology Flashcards
immune cells: aliases are ____ and ____
WBCs; leukocytes
all leukocytes are derived from ____ in ____
hematopoietic stem cells; bone marrow
myeloid cells are are leukocytes derived from a _____
myeloid progenitor cell
natural killer cells are ____ immune cells
innate
T cells are B cells are ____ immune cells
adaptive
lymphoid cells are leukocytes derived from _____ and include:
lymphoid progenitor cell; B cells, T cells, and NK cells
myeloid progenitor cells give rise to ____ including:
granulocytes; basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
monocytes in circulation differentiate into ____ in tissue
macrophages
natural killer cells nonspecifically kill ____ and _____
virus infected; tumor cells
eosinophils have proteins in granules that are effective in killing certain ____; involved in ____ and _____ particularly in the skin and airway
parasites; inflammatory; allergic responses
polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) or ____ are recruited to site of infection where they ____ invading organisms and kill them intracellularly ; can contribute to tissue damage during ____
neutrophils; phagocytose; inflammation
___ and ___ are considered 1st responders
natural killer cells and neutrophils
____ main function is phagocytosis and intracellular killing of microorganisms
macrophages
main function is antigen processing and presentation to T cells
dendritic cell
dendritic cells are critical in initiating the _____
adaptive immune response
natural killer cells can produce ____ for macrophages early in infection
cytokines
NK are ____, but they are NOT _____
lymphocytes; antigen-specific (innate immune system)
neutrophils are phagocytic cells that contain an arsenal of ____ and ____; they have a characteristic ____
lysozymes; antibiotic proteins; multilobed nucleus
phagocytes can degrade ____
phagocytosed microbes
____ are the largest type of WBC (leukocyte)
monocytes
____ are the most common type of WBC in the body
neutrophils
____ are the least common type of WBC
basophils
____ are very similar to basophils but are found in tissues (not blood)
mast cells
____ is primary mediator for mast cells/basophils
histamine
monocytes in the blood become ____ in the ____
macrophages; tissue
monocytes/macrophages are ____ cells that are extremely important in ____ and _____
phagocytic; antigen presentation; clearance of dead cells and debris
dendritic cells generally referred to as ____ or _____
antigen presenting cells; professional antigen presenting cells
additional important function of monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells:
production of cytokines and chemokines
cytokines mediate ____ and ____ reactions
inflammatory; immune
chemokines are low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate _____ and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the ___ to the ____
leukocyte movement; blood; tissues
principal cell type that links the innate immune response to the adaptive immune response
dendritic cell (macrophages can do this too)
link between innate and adaptive immunity is between the ____ and the ____
periphery; lymph nodes
B lymphocytes mature in the ____ and T lymphocytes mature in the ____
bone marrow; thymus
3 reasons why lymphocytes are extremely important for adaptive immunity
immunologic specificity
immune regulation
immune memory (basis for vaccines)
2 arms of adaptive immunity
humoral arm
cell-mediated arm
humoral primarily effective against ____ microbes and cell-mediated effective against ____
extracellular microbes; intracellular pathogens
how do we tell immune cells apart?
cluster of differentiation (CD) markers
CD3+ cells are ____
CD4+ cells are ____
CD8+ cells are ____
T cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
any substance that can be specifically bound by a cell of the adaptive immune system
antigen (Ag)
types of antigens
immunogen
tolerogen
allergan
endogenous antigens presented by APCs to ____
exogenous antigens presented by APCs to ____
CD8+ T cells
CD4+ T cells
3 distinct phases of adaptive immunity
- recognition of antigen
- activation of lymphocytes
- elimination of antigen (effector phase)
humoral immunity is mediated by ____ and cell-mediated immunity is mediated by ____
B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes
innate immune system cells detect and respond to invading pathogens by ____ which recognize ____
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
____ are also known as pattern recognition receptors
toll-like receptors (TLRs)
immune consequence of TLR recognition of a PAMP
TLR signaling cascades
adaptor proteins, protein kinases, transcription factors
how do cells of the innate immune response detect antigen?
extracellular surface TLRs
intracellular endosomal TLRs
how do cells of the adaptive immune response recognize antigen?
CD4+ T cells recognize antigen+MHCII
CD8+ T cells recognize antigen+MHC1
