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Micro/Immuno > gram negative lecture 2 > Flashcards

gram negative lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

virulence factors of v. cholerae

A
  • flagella
  • pili to adhere to mucosal tissue
  • cholera toxin- phage encoded
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2
Q

2 types of E. coli that cause secretory diarrhea

A

ETEC and EPEC

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3
Q

dysentery-like E. coli

A

EHEC

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4
Q

type of E. coli that causes urinary tract infections

A

EPEC

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5
Q

ETEC has a ____ infectious dose and ____ on fimbrae help to adhere to mucosal tissue

A

large; colonization factor antigens (cfa)

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6
Q

ETEC produces 2 toxins that are responsible for the disease:

A

heat-labile toxin (LT)

heat-stable toxin (ST)

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7
Q

in vibrio species, cholera toxin causes transfer of ____ from _____ to activate ___

A

ADP; NAD; Gs

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8
Q

in ETEC, ____ activates AC and ST (heat stabile toxin) activates ____

A

LT (heat labile toxin); GC

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9
Q

treatment for secretory diarrhea

A
  • oral rehydration- mix of sugar and salt

- antibiotics can help shorten duration or reduce severity

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10
Q

____ used for vibrio infections

A

tetracyclines

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11
Q

____ for ETEC

A

2nd generation fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

EPEC is prevalent in ____ and causes _____

A

newborns; noninflammatory secretory diarrhea

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13
Q

EPEC is located in ____ and requires a ____ infectious dose; absence of traditional ____

A

distal small intestine; large; exotoxins

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14
Q

EPEC displays a characteristic ____ (aka an attaching and effacing lesion)

A

adherence pattern

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15
Q

stage 1 of intimate adherence by EPEC and EHEC

A

bundle-forming pili (bfp) assist in adherence from relative long distance

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16
Q

stage 2 of intimage adherence

A

syringe-like secretion system (called type III secretion) injects Tir into host cell

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17
Q

for EPEC, there is no ____ production; malabsorption due to ____ and disruptions of _____ cause diarrhea

A

toxin; microvilli disruptions; epithelial tight junctions

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18
Q

EHEC has set of ____ genes (called eae genes), so it produces an ____; also produces toxin that can lead to _____ (which is much more serious)

A

EPEC; attaching effacing lesion; hemolytic uremic syndrome

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19
Q

____ is the most common EHEC; ___ are the primary reservoir; causes an _____ (gastroenteritis)

A

E. coli (O157:H7); cattle; attaching effacing lesion

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20
Q

EHEC produces a ____-like toxin that causes ____ and _____

A

shiga; hemorrhagic colitis; hemolytic uremic syndrome

21
Q

diagnosis of EHEC

A
  • frankly bloody stool, edema of ascending colon
  • cannot ferment sorbitol, usually
  • detection of shiga-like toxins
22
Q

treatment for EHEC

A
  • no antibiotics, supportive therapy
  • rehydrate if necessary
  • dialysis if hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) pending
23
Q

natural defenses found in the urinary system

A
  • ureterovesicle valves
  • peristalsis
  • mucous layer
  • normal microbiota
  • pH
  • complete voidance of bladder
24
Q

UTI can spread to kidneys and cause _____

A

pyelonephritis

25
Q

causes of retrograde flow of urine from bladder to kidneys

A
  • neurological disorders causing poor emptying of the bladder
  • hormones during pregnancy cause dilation and decreased peristalsis of the ureters
  • incomplete closing of ureterovesical valves in children
26
Q

causes of pyelonephritis

A
  • retrograde flow of urine from bladder to kidney
  • urethral catheters
  • urinary tract stones
27
Q

some bacteria like ____ species can neutralize urine and cause formation of _____ or insolube precipitate that can damage vesicles

A

Proteus; “struvite” calculi

28
Q

UPEC can adhere to uroepithelial cells through ____

A

fimbriae

29
Q

uncomplicated UTI assoc with fimbrial antigen FimH

A

acute cystitis

30
Q

pyelonephritis is assoc with expression of ____

A

P fimbriae

31
Q

UPEC assoc with production of ____ and ____ associated with pyelonephritis and has a genetic link to ____

A

aerobactin; hemolysin; recurrent disease

32
Q

in addition to ____, ____ is another cause of uncomplicated UTI

A

UPEC; proteus mirabilis

33
Q

proteus mirabilis virulence factors

A
  • flagella
  • an adhesion on the fimbrae is specific for urinary epithelium
  • hemolysins
  • IgA protease
  • Urease- enzyme that raises pH of urine
34
Q

effects of urease

A
  • bacteria grow better in less acidic environment
  • toxic to renal cells
  • enhances formation of struvite (urinary stones) that can lead to a chronic infection
35
Q

proteus can be identified by:

A
  • consistently alkaline urine

- production of urease

36
Q

treatment for UTI

A
  • variety of antimicrobials

- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) first choice

37
Q

large, mucoid colonies due to large capsule

A

Klebsiella

38
Q

____ important for adherence to urinary tract epithelium

A

type 1 pili

39
Q

____ important for adherence to respiratory tract epithelium

A

type 3 pili

40
Q

klebsiella enterotoxin similar to ____ so they can induce _____

A

ST and LT; secretory diarrhea

41
Q

klebsiella virulence factors

A
  • pili (type 3)
  • enterotoxin
  • aerobactin- Fe sequestering
  • antiphagocytic capsule
42
Q

among the most prevalent gram negative GI bugs; “slow” bacterium

A

Helicobacter pylori

43
Q

H. pylori though to be transmitted through _____

A

oral to oral contact (as well as fecal to oral)

44
Q

in the GI tract, H. pylori only found in ____ overlying the _____ of the stomach

A

mucous; mucous-secreting cells

45
Q

H. pylori readily killed by ____; efficient producer of ____

A

gastric acid; urease

46
Q

h. pylori has _____ molecules- cause epithelial cells to produce ____

A

inflammatory effector; IL-8

47
Q

h. pylori cytotoxin is assoc with ____ (induces vacuolation and apoptosis of epithelial cells)

A

peptic ulcer disease

48
Q

h. pylori causes downregulation of _____

A

somatostatin-producing D-cells

49
Q

treatment for H. pylori includes use of a ____ and ____

A

proton pump inhibitor; antibiotic cocktail

Micro/Immuno (15 decks)

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