Pm After Midterm

Question 0

Brain your essence in 3 pounds

Answer 0

Brain vs mind,
Physical vs a construct.
Levels of explanation, atomic, nerves, behaviours, conceptual,

One level far down cannot explain all the levels much higher,
Sense of self.

Cells in brain, 100 billion,

10000 neurons die each day.
Can only live 2370 years. May only have 84 billion.

Question 1

Week7 oct 16

Answer 1

Got paper guidelines

Question 2

Structure, of brain major parts!

Answer 2

CNS
Cerebrum gurus, sulcustwo hemispheres, 4 lobes
Frontal, cognitive, voluntary muscles, higher thought, note brochas area.
Temporal lobe timing, auditory, wernicke’s areaa. Right handed ppl have it more developed in left hemisphere. Plenum temporali
Parietal, reading, music, pain,
Occipital, vision.
Basil ganglia, motor control, routine behaviour , brutish tooth grinding.
Limbic system, emotions,amygdala hypothzlamus included.

–cerebellum,
medulla
Spinal chord/brain stem

Peripheral nervous system pns

Question 3

Neurons

Answer 3

Two types of connectors, dendrites and axons
Axons, only one at most, taks impulse away, dendrites, many, bring information to axon.

Chemical reaction basis of learning.
Synapses are modifiable, vulnerable,

Brain electricity.
EEG activity of millions of neurons,
Measur in a number of ways, frequency,

Question 4

Synapse

Answer 4

Small Spaces between neurons, .00002mm

Question 5

Mental states measured in hertz, personal expereince greek symbols

Answer 5

Delta waves. 0.5-4, deep sleep
Theta 4.5-8 dreaming state
Alpha 8.5-12 relaxed awareness optimal (class) musicians emit more alpha waves. Higher ration alpha to beta. Compared to non musicians. Higher in right temporal lobe for non musicians. Left hemisphere more imp. For musicians. But hard to generalize.
Beta 12.5-32 indicates full alertness

Aside theta alpha protocol, train to enter state of relaxation.

Question 6

More about brain, done EEG etc,

Now dominance hemispheres, where brain musicians, modified, by musical experience and Mozart effect. Ok

Answer 6

Ok

Question 7

Cerebral domince

Answer 7

Look brain, similar looking.
Cerebral hemisphere, just cerebrum not whole brain.
Has different function. Communication by corpus callous. 4 billion impulses going on between hemispheres or second.

Control opposite sides of the body.

Left hemisphere largely for language, computation, analytic rational. Detail.

Right side, non verbal, holistic, gealth, visual spatial, nonlinear, synthetic, intuitive, metaphor. Apposition all, configurational.

All creative, abstract, indefinite right side.

How do we get the evidence?

Two types of data:
Clinical evidence, from ppl with brain lessons.
Dichotic listening.

Question 8

Clinical evidence left hemisphere

Answer 8

Seperate locations, for verbal speaking vs understanding
Can talk not understand or vice versa,more both

Rare in right, interacts a bit with handedness. Anesthesia of brain,
Note on singing. Aphasia, only in left.
Wow, melody right, speech left.

For right handed, almost always in left hemi, but for left handlers hemi right uses 40% lang.

Split brain evidence, corpus callous mm cut,
Consciousness is in left hemisphere.

Dichotic data.
Words heard right ear better recall, humming melodies left ear more accuratel

Question 9

Musicians vs non musicians hemispheres q

Answer 9

For right handed, left hemisphere
Right ear advantage for musicians opposite for non music.
Even musicians can become right hemi, with exposure,
P. 157 Thompson, left hemi more for rhythmic skills, sight reading and naming notes.

No help for educational purposes.

Theory of multiple intelligences. Noted. Right vs left connection made though.
Balanced develop both hemispheres. Case for music,

Corpus contenders, argumentation persisted.

Question 10

Where does musicianship lie?

Answer 10

Eccles pointed out in c1990
In temporal local have plenum temporale. For 65% of right hand ppl! tp is larger in lh larger. 24% =. 11 rl
Pattern pictorial sense locTed somewhere else. Musical especially right temporal lobe. Larger right temporale means more musical. Justification for WRONG

others show asymmetry.
Enlargement on left side pt, somehow related to ppl who had absolute pitch, hmm

No dif for non musicians and normals.

Question 11

Positron emission topography, radioactive material. MRI look oxygen levels.

Answer 11

Sergeant study.
Used pet and MRI
Keyboard perforamcne 7 different things done.
Different tasks, most involved having score on screen, hearing, playing seeing. Deduce from subtractionx of non musical stuff find out musical behaviour.
Found music all over brain. Different parts, not whole brain note.

Question 12

How do we improve in music

Answer 12

All right handed subjects, 
Abs. Non, and musicians 
Stimulation within brain. 
For musicians greater activation for piano tones. Nt true for non musicans. 
Principle instrument non issue. 

Also the brain that plays music and that is changed by it.
Brain plasticity.
Involved non musicans. Learn pattern.
Try to show reaction in brain. Success.
Smaller with increased practise, indicates consolidation. Shift to other areas.

Mental practise works too, need physical though as well.

Question 13

Plasticity

Answer 13

Malleable, modifiable.

For brain rferrs to, cHnging brain connections.

Question 14

Plasticity can lead to negative outcomes.

Answer 14

Dystonia, neural issue, where representation in brain, 3-4 finger overlaps, confusion insues, poproduction problem.
To prevent it, do not over practise, with a lot of physical energy,
Should have Braille, to use your fingers for different purpose.

Question 15

C n musical training. Can affect other types of learning,

THE MOZART EFFECT

Answer 15

Comes rom a study that was popularized.
Shows give undergrads iq test and let them listen to Mozart piece, and retest. They do better. Lasts for ten minutes.

Why use for learning. Philosophy of music educTion. Pplw believe music form of aesthetic education. Exposing child to a way about learning subjective reality.

Fell apart in 1990s

Replaced teach music and do better in other subjts isn’t that more powrful.

Design of study shows that music is better than nothing. Does not say anything! Oh my.

Should compare against intervention of alternate subject matepter not nothing. To see if get music intervention better than just nothing,

Music instruments kids scores sat higher.

Question 16

Idea is that music affects dev of brain.

Answer 16

Article. Mozart, used for structure, things were imposed. Ppl made neonates use Mozart in utero. Believe to be smarter. Music and spatial task perforamcne,

Getting Mozart and music, music effect was minimal and short lived.

Evidence is not very compelling that music improves intelligence. Frustrating so hard to test. Probably useless to really ponder as everything has an impact.

Question 17

What is emotion,

Common sense theory of emotion!

Answer 17

Perception, leads to emotion then to a behaviour.

Or perception run behaviour then feel fear. So feel it after behaviour. Called the James Lang theory.

Simpler than epafeb

Cognitive factors influence emotion. Being aroused labeled differently depending on context.

Expectation. Thwarting affects emotion. Builds tension.
Think joke symphony.

Question 18

Expectation

Answer 18

Novel gater violation dis.

Try to listen with 2st century ears. Lot different.

Expectation lead to false info.

Second perforamnce usually rated higher.
But irregardless prime expectation rate higher.
also note conformity study also in music tones. For musicians, 30% conformity. Used tones, first, then loudness. Same thing but to a greater degree, as are unsure,

Question 19

Why ppl fooled so easily.

Answer 19

No music absolute, specific to culture, thinking about it more impl
Darling they are playing our tune.

Generalization.
Imp. See many things, assume others.

Make grandiose attributions improve people perception. Howsad. Framing effect. Context dependant and experience.

Question 20

Dict line from composer to performer to listener is not always so direct getting into 3 concepts of aspesthetics of art. Find value meaning in music. .

Answer 20

Referentialism: refer, program music outside of itself, metaphor. Lim music . Outside of music, rather than within,