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BIO 202 > Platyhelminthes and Bryozoans > Flashcards

Platyhelminthes and Bryozoans Flashcards

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1
Q

What evolutionary adaptation do the Phyla Platyhelminthes and Bryozoa have?

A

Lophophore or Trocophore larva

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2
Q

Give the Taxonomy of Platyhelminthes.

A

Kingdom: Animalia
Clade: Bilateria - Protosmia
Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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3
Q

What kind of Symmetry does Platyhelminthes exhibit?

A

First appearance of Bilateral symmetry

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4
Q

What is significant about the nervous system of Platyhelminthes?

A

Evolution of Cephalization

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5
Q

How many germ layers does Platyhelminthes have?

A

3 Germ Layers: Endoderm, Ectoderm, Mesoderm

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6
Q

Does Platyhelminthes have a Coelem?

A

No. Just a gut lumen (cavity)

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7
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

Mesodermal cells that fill the space between gut and ectoderm

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8
Q

What advances did the Platyhelminthes make evolutionarily?

A

Nervous coordination and appearance of an excretory system

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9
Q

What kind of body plan do Platyhelminthes have?

A

Acoelomate Body Plan

  • Gut lumen and two intestines (one on each side) running the length of the body
  • Mesodermally derived Parenchyma fills up all other space between endoderm and epithilium
  • The Pharynx (mouth) is in the center of the body
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10
Q

What Organ Systems does the Platyhelminthes have?

A
  • Pharynx and intestine, no anus
  • Nervous system connected to brain, Cerebral Ganglia
  • Excretory System with flame cells
  • Advanced reproductive system
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11
Q

Explain the excretory system of Platyhelminthes.

A

Uses Flame Cells

  • Cilia within flame cells beat back and forth (Pressure gradient)
  • Causes water to come in through openings
  • Water absorbs solutes
  • Excess water and waste exit body through protonephridia
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12
Q

Is excretion pooping? What is it?

A

Excretion is not pooping. It is osmoregulation and the elimination of nitrogenous wastes.

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13
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A

Ectoparasites - outside the body

Endoparasites - in the gut lumen or in bloodstream

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14
Q

What are the life stages of parasites?

A

Adult: lives in final host, uses sexual reproduction

Larva: lives in intermediate host

  • Can be active or encysted
  • If active, larva may use asexual reproduction
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15
Q

How do parasites make up for complex life history and low probability of survival?

A

Gigantic reproductive effort (asexual or sexual)

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16
Q

How do parasites evolve over time?

A

Tend to evolve to become more “perfect.”

  • Having less of an effect on host
  • Converges toward similar life-history and body plan as host
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17
Q

What are the types of symbioses?

A

Symbiosis - Living together

  • Mutualism: both benefit
  • Commensalism: one benefits and other unaffected
  • Parasitism: one benefits and other harmed
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18
Q

How are Platyhelminthes modified for parasitism?

A

Tegument
-modified epidermis that protects parasite from host and absorbs nutrition

Hooks and Suckers

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19
Q

What is the life history of the Class Trematoda (flukes) of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

A
  • Adult Fluke lives in human liver
  • Human poops out eggs which end up in water
  • Snails eat poop and ingest eggs
  • Eggs hatch and miracidium turns into redia in snail
  • Redia leaves snail as Cercaria which is eaten by fish
  • lives in fish muscle as cyst
  • Fish is eaten by human
20
Q

What is the life history of the Class Cestoda (tapeworms) of Phylum Platyhelminthes?

A

Tapeworms live in human intestine

  • Humans poop on grass or open area
  • larva in poop eaten by cow
  • larva live in cow as cysts in the muscle
  • undercooked cow meat eaten by humans
21
Q

How can we prevent Platyhelminth parasites?

A
  1. Use toilet with primary sewage treatment
    - prevents eggs from reaching intermediate host
  2. Cook food thoroughly
    - kills the larval cyst living in the intermediate host
  3. Drain pond and kill snails
    - kills important intermediate host (disrupts ecology)
22
Q

How many germ layers does Phyla Platyhelminthes have?

A

Triploblastic - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

23
Q

Is Platyhelminthes protostome or deuterostome?

A

Protostome

24
Q

What is the habitat that platyhelminthes lives in?

A

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

25
Q

Does Platyhelminthes have a skeletal system?

A

No

26
Q

How does Platyhelminthes feed?

A

Free living species feeds using gut

Parasitic species feed using tegument

27
Q

How do Platyhelminthes move?

A

Gliding on cilia and mucus

28
Q

What is the circulatory system of Platyhelminthes?

A

No circulatory system. Uses diffusion.

29
Q

What is the mode of excretion for Platyhelminthes?

A

Protonephridia with flame cells

30
Q

What are the modes of reproduction used by Platyhelminthes?

A

Sexual and asexual

31
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

A

Acoelomate with parenchyma

Gut without Anus

32
Q

What are the features of Phylum Bryozoa?

A

The “moss animals”

  • All aquatic with marine and freshwater
  • mostly sessile
  • mostly colonial
  • feeds with lophophore
33
Q

What is the bodyplan of Phylum Bryozoa?

A
  • No circulatory or respiratory system
  • No excretory system
  • Coelomic cavities provide diffusion
34
Q

How do Bryozoans live?

A

Colonial with polymorphic Autozooids and Heterozooids

35
Q

How do freshwater bryozoans adapt to their enivronment?

A

gelatinous body covering for ephemeral environments

produce statoblasts asexually
-float and stick to bird feathers

36
Q

Are Bryozoans diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

Triploblastic

37
Q

What is the symmetry of Bryozoans?

A

Bilateral symmetry

38
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome for Bryozoa?

A

Protostome

39
Q

What habitats to bryozoa live in?

A

Marine and freshwater

40
Q

What is the skeletal system for bryozoa?

A

Exoskeleton

41
Q

What is the mode of feeding for bryozoa?

A

Filter feeding using lophophore

42
Q

What is the mode of locomotion for bryozoa?

A

None - sessile

43
Q

What is the circulatory system for bryozoa?

A

no system - diffusion

44
Q

What is the system for excretion for bryozoa?

A

no system - diffusion

45
Q

How do Bryozoans reproduce?

A

Asexual to form colonies and sexual

46
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics for bryozoans?

A

Lophophores for feeding and zooids may be polymorphic

47
Q

What adaptations do bryozoans exhibit?

A

Statoblasts and adapted to ephemeral environments

BIO 202 (21 decks)

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