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BIO 202 > Chordates I (Tunicates, lancelets, and fish) > Flashcards

Chordates I (Tunicates, lancelets, and fish) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata?

A

1) Notochord
2) Pharyngeal gill slits
3) Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
4) Post-anal tail
5) Endostyle

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2
Q

What kind of embryological developmental pattern does Phylum Chordata undergo?

A

Deuterostome

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3
Q

What period did Chordates originate? When did they undergo rapid diversification?

A

Originated during the Precambrian period and diversified during the Paleozoic.

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4
Q

Are chordate body plans constrained?

A

No, least constraint of body plan = amazing diversity

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5
Q

What two invertebrate subphyla are included in Phylum Chordata?

A

Cephalochordata and Urochordata

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6
Q

What is the Notochord?

A

Works a endoskeleton for early muscles

-lost or replaced in some

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7
Q

What is the Hollow dorsal nerve cord?

A

Controls muscles, including brain (CNS)

-lost or replaced in Urochordates

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8
Q

What is the Pharyngeal gill slits (pouches)?

A
  • Open to outside
  • Used for respiration and feeding
  • Become other structures in vertebrates
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9
Q

What is the endostyle?

A
  • Thyroid Gland in vertebrates

- generates mucus for feeding

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10
Q

What is the post anal tail?

A

Synapomorphic feature in Chordates

  • Propulsion, often with fins
  • Vestifial trait in humans (coccyx)
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11
Q

What are the defining features of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata?

A

Lancelets or “amphioxus”

  • All 5 chordate features present
  • Segmental muscles called myomeres
  • Filter-feeders by passing water over pharyngeal gill slits covered in mucus
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12
Q

What is the body plan of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata?

A

Filter feed with mucus sheet on pharyngeal gill slits (not for respiration)

  • H2O is sucked through oral cirri
  • food caught is sent to gut for digestion
  • Water exits through atriopore

Closed Blood Vascular System

  • No heart - peristalsis of vessels
  • No blood pigments or cells
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13
Q

How do Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Cephalochordata reproduce?

A

External Fertilization with Simple Gonads

-Gametes shed directly into atrium and out atriopore

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14
Q

What is significant about Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata?

A

Loss of adult chordate features

Greater adaptation toward filter-feeding

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15
Q

What are the classes of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata?

A

Class Ascidiacea - Benthic sea squirts
Class Thaliacea - Pelagic (drifter-planktonic)
Class Appendicularia (larvacea) - pelagic

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea?

A
  • Solitary and Colonial.
  • Tadpole larvae have all 5 Characteristics but adult only have 2 (endostyle and pharyngeal gill slits)
  • Feed like Cephalochordates
  • No respiratory/excretory organs b/c it takes in so much water it accomplishes this through diffusion
17
Q

Why is Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea important to humans?

A

They make unusual secondary metabolites so they are used in marine pharmocology

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata, Class Thaliacea?

A
  • Solitary and Colonial

- Take to open ocean by drifting (planktonic)

19
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata, Class Appendicularia?

A

Pelagic and retain all 5 chordate features

  • Makes up to 16 mucus houses per day (external struc)
  • Abandoned houses source of “marine snow”
  • Developing eggs fatally rupture body
20
Q

What is significant about the mucus houses that What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Urochordata, Class Appendicularia make?

A

They are carbon sponges that draw carbon out of atmosphere and soak it up

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A
  • Vertebral Column
  • Cranium
  • Endoskeleton
  • Neural Crest
22
Q

What is the vertebral column in Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A

notochord is replaced by column of interlocking vertebrae

23
Q

What is the cranium in Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A

Protective housing around brain

24
Q

What is the endoskeleton of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A

Grows with body; First cartilage then bone

25
Q

What is the neural crest of Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A

Embryonic cells, contribute to development of the cranium

26
Q

What are the five extant classes of the paraphyletic group of fish in Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata=Craniata?

A

1) Myxini - hagfishes
2) Petromyzontida - lampreys
3) Chondrichthyes - sharks, skates, rays
4) Actinopterygii - ray-finned fishes
5) Sarcopterygii - lobe-finned fishes

27
Q

What is the evolutionary progression of the endoskeleton in fishes?

A

Notochord to vertebral column

-cartilage to bone

28
Q

What is the evolutionary progression of the Pharynx in fishes?

A

Pharyngeal gill slits to gills

-greater respiratory capacity

29
Q

What is the evolutionary progression of the Nervous System in fishes?

A

greater development of senses and brain

30
Q

What is the evolutionary progression of the Appendages in fishes?

A

greater development of paired pectoral and pelvic fins

31
Q

What is the evolutionary progression of the Jaws in fishes?

A

modified cartilaginous gill arches derived from neural crest cells with jaw muscles from gills

32
Q

How did gill arches in primitive jawless fish evolve in early jawed fishes to result in modern jawed fish?

A

From 9 gill arches in primitive jawless fish to

Gill arches 1 and 2 lost and gill arch 3 modified to form hinged jaw in earlier extinct jawed fishes

Gill arch 4 modified to form heavier more efficient jaw in modern jawed fishes

33
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Myxini (hagfish)?

A

Lack JAWS, scales, paired fins, bone

Scavengers

Keratin teeth on tongue used for rasping food

Slime glands make sheet of mucus

34
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)?

A

Lack JAWS, scales, paired fins, bone

Keratin teeth around sucker-like mouth may be used to parasatize
-not all are parasites

Life cycle involves ammocoetes larva that filter-feeds like cephalochordate but respire with gills

35
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)?

A

Has JAWS, paired pelvic and pectoral FINS, PLACOID SCALES adapted to form teeth

Cartilaginous skeleton - lighter than bone to maintain position in water

Osmoregulation requires copulation and shelled eggs

No swim bladder, exposed gills, and heterocercal caudal fin

36
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)?

A

Has JAWS, paired pelvic and pectoral FINS, lightweight cycloid, ctenoid or ganoid scales

Bony skeleton, gills covered by bony operculum, and homocercal caudal fin

Swim bladder may be present

Osmoregulation permits free-spawning and planktonic development

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)?

A

Has JAWS, paired pelvic and pectoral fins, heavy enameled scales

Bony skeleton, gills covered by bony operculum, Diphycercal caudal fin

Swim bladder acts as a lung in lungfish

Strong, fleshy lobed-fins = lineage gave rise to tetrapod

All predatory

38
Q

What fish is a ‘‘living fossil’’?

A

Coelocanth, a mesozoic relect

belongs to class sarcopterygii

BIO 202 (21 decks)

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