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BIO 202 > CH 30: Angiosperms > Flashcards

CH 30: Angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the defining features of Angiosperms?

A
  • Flowers and Fruits
  • Enclosed seeds
  • Seeds within fruits
  • Seed endosperm
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2
Q

What was Darwin’s “Abominable Mystery?”

A

Origin of Flowering Plants

-how did they get so diverse so quick?

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3
Q

Why were Angiosperms so successful?

A
  1. Complex vascular tissues; wide vessels for efficient transport to grow big
  2. Broad leaves for photosynthesis; thick cuticle prevent water loss; abscission leaves fall off
  3. Fast life cycle (die off in winter and come back through seeds)
  4. Fruit protects seeds; dispersal
  5. Coevolution led to efficient reproduction
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4
Q

What are the key characteristics of Angiosperms?

A
  1. Efficient vessels move water quickly
  2. Flowers for sexual reproduction
  3. Stigmatic germination and double fertilization
  4. 3n Endosperm - provide nutrition for seeds
  5. Fruit: protect & disperse seeds
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5
Q

What is the reproductive structure of the angiosperm and what are the organs?

A

Flowers are the reproductive structure of Angiosperms
Four organs:
1) Sepals: green outer layer of flower (protection)
2) Petals: often colorful (attraction)
3) Stamens: produce pollen
4) Carpels (pistil): produce ovules

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6
Q

What are the compenents of the Carpel and Stamen?

A

Carpel (pistil) (female flower parts)

1) Stigma
2) Style
3) Ovary

Stamen (male flower parts)

1) Anther
2) Filament

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7
Q

What occurs in the ovary?

A

1) Ovules inside of ovary develop into embryos
2) The embryos develop into seeds

Ovary protects the ovules

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8
Q

What is the anatomy of the pistil (carpel)?

A

1) Stigma: receives/recognizes pollen
2) Style: long portion between stigma & ovary
3) Ovary: enclose/protects ovules (develop into fruit)

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9
Q

What is the anatomy of the stamen?

A

1) Anther: sac-like structures where pollen is produced

2) Filament: slender stalk to support anther

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10
Q

What are the types of angiosperm flowers?

A

1) Complete Flowers
2) Incomplete Flowers
3) Perfect Flowers
4) Imperfect Flowers

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11
Q

What are Complete Flowers?

A

-Contain all 4 flower organs (sepals, petals, stamens, pistil)

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12
Q

What are Incomplete Flowers?

A

-Flowers that lack one or more organ

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13
Q

What are Perfect Flowers?

A

-Contain both male/female reproductive structures

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14
Q

What are Imperfect Flowers?

A

-Flowers that lack one or more reproductive organs

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15
Q

If you’re a perfect flower are you a complete flower? Is an imperfect flower an incomplete flower?

A

Perfect flower not automatically complete flower

Complete flower automatically perfect flower

Imperfect flower automatically incomplete flower

Incomplete flower not automatically imperfect flower

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16
Q

What is angiosperm double fertilization?

A

One sperm fertilizes an egg (2n)

One sperm fertilizes with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form endosperm (3n)

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17
Q

What are the major clades of angiosperms?

A

Monocots
-one cotyledon (seed leaf)

Eudicots
-two or more cotyledon

18
Q

What are the features of Monocots?

A

Root
-root xylem and phloem in a ring

Stem
-vascular bundles scattered in stem

Leaf
-leaf veins form a parallel pattern

Flower
-flower parts in threes and multiples of three

19
Q

What are the features of Eudicots?

A

Root
-root phloem between arms of xylem

Stem
-vascular bundles in a distinct ring

Leaf
-leaf veins for a net pattern

Flower
-flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples

20
Q

What is coevolution and how does it explain angiosperm diversification?

A
  • When two or more species of organisms (flowers/pollinators) influence eachother’s evolutionary pathway
  • Explains diverse forms of flowers/fruits to accomplish pollen/seed dispersal
21
Q

How did pollination coevolve?

A
  • Foster genetic variability

- attact pollinators using color, odor, shape, size

22
Q

What are pollination syndromes?

A

Flower traits that have coevolved in response to natural selection with pollinators
-Bees, Butterflies, Moths, Birds, Bats

23
Q

What are the pollination syndromes for bees?

A
  • Flolowers are all colors but red
  • Flowers are fragrant
  • Flowers have lot of nectar/pollen
24
Q

What are the pollination syndromes for butterflies?

A
  • Flowers are all colors
  • Flowers have light scent
  • Flower has landing pad
  • Tubular tongue so nectar in deep tube
  • Nectar guide patterns
25
Q

What are the pollination syndromes for moths?

A
  • Flowers are white/bright/open at night
  • Flowers have musky odors
  • Feed with long thin tongue so nectar in deep tube
26
Q

What are the pollination syndromes for birds?

A
  • Color visionso flowers often red
  • Require perch so flower is strong
  • Flower has no smell
  • Flower has alot of nectar
  • Hummingbirds hover so their flowers dangle
  • Flowers have pro-bird/anti-insect adaptations
27
Q

What are the pollination syndromes for bats?

A
  • Color blind so flowers have light reflective colors
  • Flower has strong odor
  • Active at night so flower opens at night
  • High food requirement so flower has alot of nectar
  • Navigate by echolocation so flower on tree trunks
  • Bats travel further so pollen spread farther apart
28
Q

What are the abiotic pollination syndromes?

A

Wind
-reduced flowers, no petals to get in way of wind

Water
-rare

29
Q

What is the job of fruit and how did they adapt?

A

Job is to protect seeds and aid in dispersal

Adapted to:

1) Attract animals to eat it
2) For wind dispersal
3) Attach to animal fur
4) Float in water

30
Q

What are secondary metabolites and how are they related to pollination?

A

Synthesis of molecules that are not essential for cell structure/growth
-encourage polinators to visit flower

31
Q

What secondary metabolites are produced by angiosperms?

A

1) Terpenes and terpenoids
- rubber, amber, turpentine
2) Phenolics
- cinnamon, nutmeg, vanillla
3) Alkaloids
- nitrogen containing (addictive)

32
Q

What are the types of abiotic seed dispersal?

A

1) Gravity - drop to ground
2) Wind - float away
3) Water - float away

33
Q

What are the types of biotic seed dispersal?

A

1) animal (external)

2) animal (internal)

34
Q

How did seed-dispersal coevolve?

A
  • Sweet/juicy fruits to be eaten

- Signal ripeness with color change

35
Q

What are seeds?

A

protective coat enclosing an embryo and food reserves

-removed plant dependence on water

36
Q

What is vivipary?

A

growth of seed when still attached to maternal plant

  • very rare
  • drops from tree ready to grow
37
Q

What is seed dormancy?

A

When seed doesn’t germinate until conditions are favorable

38
Q

What is a soil seed bank?

A

storage of seeds (usually dormant) within soil

  • transient: seeds stay in soil <1yr
  • short-term persistent: seeds stay in soil 1-5yrs
  • long-term persistent: seeds stay in soil >5yrs
39
Q

What is the result of human influence on Angiosperm diversification?

A

Humans have selected for a few plants for foods/crops we like

  • causing these plants to be dominant
  • reduces biodiversity
  • invites problems (pests, famine, disaster)
40
Q

What are the lasting effects of human influence on angiosperm diversification?

A

Plants are renewable resource but plant diversity is not

-rate of loss faster than any other time in history

BIO 202 (21 decks)

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