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BIO 202 > Chordates III (Amphibians, Non-Avian Reptiles) > Flashcards

Chordates III (Amphibians, Non-Avian Reptiles) Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the pharynx evolve to support terrestrial vertebrates?

A

The increased respiratory function supported high metabolic rates

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2
Q

How did the Nervous system evolve to support terrestrial vertebrates?

A

Evolution of new cell types

-Neural Crest cells (neurons) promoted development of brain, skull and sensory organs

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3
Q

What synapomorphic trait do tetrapods share?

A

Paired limbs used for terrestrial locomotion

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4
Q

What synapomorphic trait do amniota (mammalia, reptilia (including aves)) share?

A

Egg with amnion

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5
Q

What is the clade Gnathostomata? Which Classes does it include?

A

Craniata with jaws

-Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii, Amphibia, Mammalia, Reptilia (including aves)

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6
Q

What is the Clade Craniata and which classes does it include?

A

Craniata = Vertebrata
-Euchordates with a cranium

Mychi, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes, Bony Fishes, Tetrapods

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7
Q

When did Vertebrates invade land? Who preceded them?

A

During the Devonian period (~400 mya)

  • Beat by vascular plants, molluscs, arthropods
  • Means there was plenty of food available for them
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8
Q

How did Vertebrates adapt to life on land?

A

LIMBS from lobe-fins for support air has less buoyant density than water

LUNGS and cutaneous respiration oxygen content higher in air than water

Prevent DESICCATION through behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations

TEMPERATURE Regulation through behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations (ectothermic to endothermic)

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Class Amphibia?

A

4 limbs with bony skeletal frame

  • Lungs with internal nostrils
  • Ears & Eyes adapted for air
  • Metamorphosis
  • Larvae and some adults have lateral line systems
  • Thin, moist skin desiccates easily
  • Ectothermic
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10
Q

How does the brain in Amphibia develop?

A

All carnivorous so need to be clever

  • Forebrain - olfaction
  • Midbrain - vision
  • Hindbrain - hearing, balance
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11
Q

How did Amphibia heart develop?

A

3-Chambered Heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle)

  • Double circulation: oxygenated blood returns to heart
  • Skin has lots of blood vessels (cutaneous respiration)
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12
Q

What are the features of the Class Amphibia, Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)?

A

Elongated, limbless amphibian with dermal scales

  • Burrowing or aquatic
  • Predators
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13
Q

What are the features of the Class Amphibia, Order Urodela (Salamanders)?

A
  • Mostly in temperate regions
  • Most with limbs of similar size and set at right angles
  • Larvae and adults carnivorous
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14
Q

What are the features of the Class Amphibia, Order Anura (Frogs/Toads)?

A

Aquatic and Terrestrial
-Temperate and Tropical regions always close to water

No tail in adults, present in larvae

Hibernation in temperate zones (freeze as larvae)

Herbivores as larvae

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15
Q

What is the life cycle of the Class Amphibia, Order Anura?

A

External fertilization by amplexus (male holds on to female and releases sperm on to eggs)

Slow metamorphosis

  • Tail, gills reabsorbed
  • legs, lungs develop
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16
Q

What kind of skeletal system do Class Amphibia have?

A

Bony endoskeleton

17
Q

What mode of feeding do Class Amphibia have?

A

Carnivores but larval herbivores

18
Q

What kind of reproduction do Class Amphibia exhibit?

A

Sexual (Oviparous)

19
Q

What is significant about the Clade Amniota?

A

Further adaptations to terrestrial life

  • Internal Fertilization
  • Shelled egg, no gilled larval form
  • Presence of Amnion
20
Q

What is the Amnion?

A

Protects embryo in the amniotic cavity

21
Q

What is the Yolk sac?

A

Encloses a reserve of nutrients. Gets smaller with ages

22
Q

What is the Allantois?

A

Contains wastes from embryo. Gets bigger with age.

23
Q

What is the Chorion?

A

Together with allantois, allows gas exchange.

24
Q

From outside to inside, what are the parts of the Amniotic egg?

A

Shell > Albumin > Chorion > Allantois & Yolk Sac > Amnion > Amniotic Cavity > Embryo

25
Q

What further adaptations to terrestrial life do Clade Amniota exhibit?

A
  • Thicker, keratinized skin (scales, feathers, hair) not involved in respirations
  • Stronger jaws with mobile tongue
26
Q

Clade Amniota have a more active life-style, what did this result in?

A

Transition to high-pressure blood vascular system

  • Non-avian reptiles: similar to amphibians (3-chamber heart allows lung bypass)
  • Crocodilians, birds, mammals: 4-Chamber, no mixing, high pressure

Expanded brain and sensory organs

27
Q

What is an Anapsid, Synapsid, and Diapsid skull?

A

Clade Amniota evolved from ancestors with an Anapsid skull (no temporal opening)

Synapsid Skull (1 temporal opening)
-Mammals (Synapsida)
Diapsid Skull (2 temporal openings)
-Lizards, Snakes, Turtles, Crocodilians, Birds (Diapsida)
28
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Sphenodonta?

A

Tuataras (type of lizard)

29
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Squamata?

A

Other lizards, Monitors, Snakes

30
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Testudines?

A

Turtles

31
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Crocodilia?

A

Crocodiles

32
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Saurischia?

A

Birds

33
Q

What is animals are part of the Order Therapsida?

A

Mammals

34
Q

What are the features of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia, Order Testudines?

A

First appears in early Mesozoic (~220 mya)

  • Carapace + Plastron = shell
  • Omnivorous diet
  • Temperature affects sex (cold=males, warm=females)
35
Q

What are the features of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia, Order Squamata?

A

Makes up 95% of reptiles

2 Major Groups

  • Suborder Sauria: geckos, skinks, monitors
  • Suborder Serpentes: snakes

Copulation with hemipenes (2 penises)

Mostly oviparous and some viviparous

36
Q

What are the features of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia, Order Squamata, Suborder Serpentes?

A

All carnivorous

  • elongated, limbless
  • one lung, kidneys stacked (all organs stacked)
  • lack eyelids and external ears
  • mobile jaws and venom in fangs
37
Q

What are the features of the Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Class Reptilia, Order Crocodilia?

A

Share ancestry with dinosaurs and birds

  • Tropical and freshwater
  • PRedators
  • Massive jaw musculature for rapid closure
  • Single penis
  • Oviparous, temperature dependent sex determination

BIO 202 (21 decks)

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