Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 202 > CH 28: Protists > Flashcards

CH 28: Protists Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes that are not classified in the plant, animal, or fungal kingdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the common characteristics of of protists?

A
  • Most abundant in moist habitats
  • Most of them are microscopic in size
  • Have a membrane bound nucleus (eukaryote)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can protists be classified?

A

Ecological Role

Habitat

Motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are protists classified by ecological role?

A

Three major groups:

  • Algae–generally photoautotrophic
  • Protozoa–heterotrophic
  • Fungus-like–resemble fungi in body form and absorptive nutrition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are protists classified by habitat?

A

Particularly common and diverse in oceans, lakes, wetlands and rivers

  • Plankton–swimming or floating (occur primarily as single cells, colonies or short filaments)
  • Periphyton-attached by mucilage to underwater surfaces
  • Produce multicellular bodies •Seaweeds or macroalgae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of plantkton?

A
  • Phytoplankton–photosynthetic
  • Protozoan plankton –heterotrophic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are protists classified by motility?

A

Flagella, Cilia, Pseudopodia

Swim using eukaryotic flagella

Cilia –shorter and more abundant than flagella

Amoeboid movement –using pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Are Protists a monophyletic group?

A

No. Was a single kingdom at one time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are is the Eukaryotic Supergroup Excavata?

A

Related to some of Earth’s earliest eukaryotes

  • Named for a feeding groove “excavated” into the cells
  • Food particles are taken into cells by phagotrophy
  • Endocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the example of Supergroup excavata we went over in class?

A

Euglenozoa

  • Protein strips under plasma membrane allow crawling
  • Some are heterotrophic, but Euglena is photosynthetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Kinetoplastids and which supergroup do you find them in?

A

Named for unusually large mass of DNA (kinetoplast) in a single large mitochondrion Found in Supergroup Excavata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Eukaryotic Supergroup Land Plants and Relatives?

A

Supergroup that includes land plants also encompasses several algal phyla Kingdom Plantae (land plants) evolved from green algal ancestors

  • Phylum Chlorophyta–green algae
  • Phylum Rhodophyta–red algae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are algae different colors?

A

Algae reside at different depths which determines their color because they absorb different wavelengths of light at different depths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Green Algae and what Supergroup are they a part of?

A

Phylum Chlorophyta

  • Diverse structural types
  • Occur in fresh waters, the ocean, and on land
  • Most are photosynthetic
  • Cells contain same type of plastids and photosynthetic pigments as in land plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Red Algae and what Supergroup are they a part of?

A

Most are multicellular marine macroalgae

  • Red appearance due to distinctive photosynthetic pigments (live at deep depths)
  • Lack flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How did Red Algae develop primary plastids?

A

Primary Endosymbiosis

  • Primary plastid: enclosing envelope made of two membranes
  • Heterotrophic host cells captured cyanobacterial cells via phagocytosis –but did not digest them
  • Endosymbioticcyanobacteria provided host cells with photosynthetic capacity and other useful biochemical pathways •Eventually evolved into primary plastids
17
Q

What is primary endosymbiosis?

A

Eukaryote ingests a prokaryote–but does not digest them

18
Q

Where did secondary plastids originate?

A

Secondary plastids derived from a photosynthetic eukaryote,likely a red alga

  • Originate from secondary endosymbiosis
  • Eukaryote consuming another Eukaryote
  • Eukaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryotic cell that already has one or more primary plastids, such as a red or green alga
19
Q

How many membrane envelopes does a primary plastid have? Secondary Plastid?

A

Primary Plastid: Two envelopes

Secondary Plastid: Three envelopes

20
Q

What Phyla are contained within Eukaryotic Supergroup Alveolata?

A

Alveolata named for saclike membranous vesicles (alveoli) present in cell

Ciliophora

•Ciliates –conjugation

Apicomplexa

  • Medically important parasites
  • Plasmodium

Dinozoa

  • Dinoflagellates–some photosynthetic, others not
  • Red tide and mutualistic relationship with coral
21
Q

What phyla are dinoflagellates a part of? What are some of their characteristics?

A

Supergroup: Alveolata; Phylum: Dinozoa

  • 1/2 of dinoflagellatesare heterotrophic
  • 1/2 possess photosynthetic plastids that originated by secondary or even tertiary endosymbiosis
  • Tertiary plastids are obtained by tertiary endosymbiosis
  • Endosybiosis of organism with secondary plastids
22
Q

What is the Eukaryotic Supergroup Stramenopila?

A

Wide range of algae, protozoa, and fungus-like protists

  • Produce flagellate cells at some point
  • Named for distinctive strawlike hairs on the surface of flagella
  • Heterotrophic or photosynthetic
  • Plastids from secondary endosymbiosis with red algae
23
Q

What is the Eukaryotic Supergroup Amoebozoa?

A

Many types of amoebae

•Move using pseudopodia

24
Q

What is the model organism for Amoebozoa?

A

Dictyosteliumdiscoideum, slime mold

  • Model organism for understanding movement, cell communication, and development.
  • In response to starvation, single amoebae aggregate into a multicellular “slug” that develops into a stalked structure containing spores
  • Spores pop out and produce new amoebae
25
Q

What is the Supergroup Opisthokonta?

A

Includes animal and fungal kingdoms and related protists

  • Named for single posterior flagellum on swimming cells
  • Contains protists most closely related to humans
26
Q

What Protists are a part of Eukaryotic Supergroup Opisthokonta?

A

Choanoflagellate protists

  • Feature distinctive collar surrounding flagella
  • These are the modern protists most related to the common ancestor of animals
27
Q

What are the Nutritional and Defensive Adaptations of Protists?

A

Phagotrophy–heterotrophs that ingest particles

Osmotrophy–heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules

Photoautotrophy–photosynthetic

Mixotrophy–able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions

28
Q

What are the characteristics of algal protists?

A

Variety of pigments

  • Adapt photosystems to capture more light
  • Water absorbs the longer red and yellow wavelengths more than the shorter blue and green wavelengths
  • Accessory pigments absorb light and transfer it to chlorophyll a Variety of types of food storage molecules
  • Starch, polysacchrides, and oil
29
Q

What defense mechanisms do Protists exhibit?

A

Slimy mucilage or cell walls defend against herbivores and pathogens

•Calcium carbonate, silica, iron, manganese armor

Trichocysts–spear-shaped projectiles to discourage herbivores

Bioluminescence–startles herbivores

Toxins–inhibit animal physiology

30
Q

What Reproductive Adaptations do Protists exhibit?

A

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

-Zygotic and Sporic Life Cycles

31
Q

What are the features of protist asexual reproduction?

A

All protists can reproduce asexually

  • Many produce cysts with thick, protective walls that remain dormant in bad conditions (cause of dinoflagellate blooms)
  • Many protozoan pathogens spread from one host to another via cysts
32
Q

Where did Eukaryotic sexual reproduction with gametes and zygotes arise from?

A

It arose from Protists resulting in diverse genotypes

33
Q

Describe the Zygotic Life Cycle.

A
34
Q

What is the sporic lifecycle?

A

Many multicellular green and brown seaweeds

Also known as alternation of generations

Two types of multicellular organisms
•Haploid gametophyte produces gametes
•Diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis

35
Q

Describe the steps of the alternation of generations (sporic lifecycle).

A

BIO 202 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions