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CELS191 > plasma membrane & organelles > Flashcards

plasma membrane & organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what must a cell do?

A

Manufacture cellular materials
Obtain raw materials
Remove waste
Generate the required energy
Control all of the above

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2
Q

what is a plasma membrane?

A

the boundary of the cell that separates it from the environment because there are specific conditions inside the cell compared to outside and it acts like a semi-permeable barrier

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3
Q

what are cells bound by?

A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

what are some characteristics of plasma membrane?

A
  • a semi-permeable barrier
  • allows passage of oxygen, nutrients,
    waste
  • controls movement of substances in
    and out of the cell
    this interaction with the environment
    limits the maximum size of a cell (they are 3d structures)
  • a small cell has a greater surface to
    volume ratio than a larger cell
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5
Q

what is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

double layer of phospholipids with various embedded or attached proteins

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6
Q

what are the critical parts of the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • hydrophilic head (likes water)
  • hydrophobic tails (doesn’t like water)
  • heads are faced outwards and the tails face towards each other
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7
Q

what is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

two layers of phospholipids that can bead proteins which will give us different functions

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8
Q

what is separated by the phospholipid bilayer?

A

the inside and outside of the cell

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9
Q

what are some things that control how fluid the plasma membrane is?

A

Saturation:
- Saturated – packed tightly together, less fluidity
- Unsaturated – tails prevent tight packing, more fluidity
Temperature:
- High temps more fluidity
- Low temps less fluidity
Cholesterol:
- Stabilises membrane fluidity

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10
Q

what does saturated mean in terms of the plasma membrane?

A
  • packed tightly together so it’s a viscous fluid
  • less fluidity
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11
Q

what does unsaturated mean in terms of the plasma membrane?

A
  • tails prevent tightly packing
  • more fluidity
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12
Q

what stabilizes the fluidity of the membrane?

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

what do proteins do?

A
  • Proteins determine the function of the membrane
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14
Q

what are specific to a cell type and each cell can have multiple different types and functions?

A

proteins

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15
Q

what is involved in signal transduction?

A

membrane protein

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16
Q

what is signal transduction?

A
  • relay messages from the body (or environment) into the cell
  • turning one signal into another type
  • for example tell it to grow, divide, move, make something, die, etc.
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17
Q

what is involved in cell recognition?

A

membrane protein

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18
Q

what is cell recognition?

A
  • often involves glycoproteins (proteins with added sugars)
  • protein has a receptor for the detected sugar because it knows and recognizes what the cell is might be to send it info or to attack it
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19
Q

what is intercellular joining?

A
  • proteins link to each other
    -some proteins form long-lasting connections between cells
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20
Q

what is involved in intercellular joining?

A

membrane protein

21
Q

what is Linking Cytoskeleton & Extracellular Matrix?

A
  • cells have a structure inside called the cytoskeleton and inside the cell is an extracellular matrix (things cells produce that inside the cell)
  • useful to not have it move around can link it to the extracellular matrix through the membrane protein
  • allows a cell to physically connect with protein
    structures outside the cell (the extracellular matrix)
  • holds cells in place
22
Q

what is involved in the Linking Cytoskeleton & Extracellular Matrix?

A

membrane protein

23
Q

what is involved in Membrane Transport?

A

Membrane Proteins

24
Q

what is Membrane Transport?

A
  • allows small amounts of molecules to move across the membrane
  • allows us to move from one side to the other
  • Can be passive (no energy) or active (needs energy)
25
Q

How do substances move across membranes?

A
  • Depends on what the molecules are
  • How big the substances are
  • How much is moving at once
  • Bulk transport- large substances/large volumes
  • For small molecules in small volumes membrane transport
26
Q

how many different types of passive membrane transport?

A
  • normal diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
27
Q

what are the characteristics and mechanisms of passive diffusion?

A
  • No energy needed (passive)
  • Molecules move down a concentration gradient
  • move down from where there are lots of them to an area where there are very few
28
Q

how many different types of active membrane transport?

A
  • Active transport
  • Co-transport (indirect active transport)
29
Q

what are the characteristics and mechanisms of transport?

A
  • Energy needed (active)
  • Molecules move against a concentration gradient
  • moving from where there is few of them to where there is lots
30
Q

what is diffusion?

A
  • Membranes are permeable to lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) molecules such as steroid hormones and gasses
  • They move down their concentration gradient and thus do not require energy (passive transport)
  • In contrast, the membrane restricts
    movement of water-soluble and charged molecules such as glucose, ions, and water
31
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A
  • Movement of hydrophilic molecules requires membrane proteins called channels and carriers
  • Aid the movement of specific substances down their concentration gradient.
  • No energy is required but some channels open or close in response to signals
  • Carriers undergo a shape change to help guide the molecules
32
Q

what are called channels and carriers?

A

The movement of hydrophilic molecules requires membrane proteins called channels and carriers

33
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

The movement of water across a cell membrane requires channels called aquaporins

34
Q

what is osmoregulating?

A

Cells osmoregulate to prevent swelling or shrinking under varying conditions

35
Q

what happens when the cell gets bigger and bigger?

A

lose the ability to get things efficiently across the plasma membrane

36
Q

what is embedded in facilitated diffusion (passive transport)?

A

membrane proteins

37
Q

how do you use passive transport for osmosis?

A
  • Movement of water across a cell membrane requires channels called aquaporins.
  • A process called osmosis
  • Movement from a high water (low solute) concentration to a low water (high solute) concentration.
  • Cells osmoregulate to prevent swelling or shrinking under varying conditions
38
Q

how do you use facilitated diffusion (passive transport) for osmosis?

A
  • Movement of water across a cell membrane requires channels called aquaporins.
  • A process called osmosis
  • Movement from a high water (low solute) concentration to a low water (high solute) concentration.
  • Cells osmoregulate to prevent swelling or shrinking under varying conditions
39
Q

what is active transport? (requires energy)

A
  • Requires transport proteins, which are carriers that use energy (ATP)
  • Move specific substances against their concentration gradient.
  • Active transport allows a cell to have an internal concentration of a substance that is different from its surroundings
  • May for example be higher inside the cell than outside the cell
  • An example of this is the sodium-potassium pump
40
Q

what is co-transport? (requires energy)

A
  • indirect active transport
  • one substance pumped across the membrane
  • and its concentration gradient used to power the movement of a second substance against its concentration gradient
41
Q

what does the proton pump do?

A
  • pushes out protons
  • takes the proton from outside the cell using energy forces it outside the cell where there is high concentration
  • pushing it outside means there is high concentration outside the cell and low concentration inside
42
Q

How do different parts of the cell do different things?

A

Different processes - different
conditions - separate compartments

43
Q

what are the different functions of organelles?

A
  • Provide special conditions for specific processes
  • Keep incompatible processes apart
  • Allow specific substances to be concentrated
  • Form concentration gradients
  • Package substances for transport or export.
44
Q

What’s bound by membranes?

A

organelles

45
Q

what are all cellular membranes composed of?

A

phospholipid bilayer
-nucleus has 2
- photosynthesis has 3 (inner, outer, and thylakoid)

46
Q

what are some organelles that have its own special conditions?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria (two membranes)
  • nucleus (the nuclear envelope- two membranes)
47
Q

what are some structures both plant and animal cell have in common?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • nucleus
  • golgi apparatus
  • mitochondrion
48
Q

what are some organelles specific to plants and animals?

A

plants: chloroplast, central vacuole
animals: lysosome

CELS191 (19 decks)

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