diversity of life Flashcards
what are the characteristics of life?
Cellular organization
Reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Response to stimuli
Growth and development
Adaption through evolution
what is the three origins of life on earth?
- Generation of complex biomolecules due to complex early atmosphere deep-sea hydrothermal vents
- Generation of replicating organisms via An RNA world? Chelation by mineral clays
- Panspermia
what is used to measure most cells and organelles?
Most cells and organelles is measured in micrometers (microns)
one thousandth of a milli meter (10-3 mm) = ?
1 µm
1 mm?
1000 µm
1 µm?
1000 nm
Eukaryote cells range from -
10-100 µm
Prokaryote cells range from -
5 µm
Organelles range from -
mitochondria 1-10 µm
chloroplasts 2-5µm
what are nano meters used for?
Nano meters are used to measure internal structures of cells & organelles
one thousandth of a micro meter (10-3 µm)
1 nm
1000 nm =
1 µm
what is the nanometer the main unit to measure sub-cellular components?
it is the main unit
what is membranes nanometer measurement?
7-8 nm
what is ribosome nanometer measurement?
25 nm
one thousandth of a millimeter (10-3 mm) = ?
1 µm
one thousandth of a millimeter (10-3 mm) = ?
1 µm
How did we get from tiny fossils cells to today’s biosphere?
evolution
how do you get evolution?
When you have organisms that vary, pass on their characteristics and survive differentially
how is there change in population overtime (evolution)?
particular variance in populations of organisms have different survival/reproduction then there will change in population over time (evolution)
what is natural selection?
Natural selection is a testable hypothesis that provides a mechanism to explain evolution.
what are the different ways we can determine natural selection?
- variation
- inheritance
- selection
- time
what is the variation?
Individuals in a population vary from one another.
what is inheritance?
Parents pass on their traits to their offspring genetically.
what is selection?
Some variants reproduce more than others. (attraction matters)
what is time in terms of natural selection?
Successful variations accumulate over many generations.
what does evolution act on?
Evolution doesn’t just act on shape or color, it also acts on biological molecules (which is also product of evolution)
what should show the store of information in an organism, some evidence for evolution and natural selection?
DNA
what can we use to draw relationships between different organisms?
DNA
what do family/phylogenetic trees tell us?
By doing this with a wide range of organisms we can put all known life on Earth into three lumps (domains).
If we take all the information stored in DNA sequencing and how they are related we would get:-
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
what is mitochondria bacterium?
we have the mitochondria which is a captured bacterium
what would happen if there are no mitochondria?
there would be no eukarya so we wouldn’t be multicellular
what is the endosymbiosis theory?
The Endosymbiosis theory states that two key organelles in eukaryotes are derived from bacteria
what is mitochondria derived from?
Mitochondria are derived from proteobacteria, and chloroplasts from cyanobacteria.
what are proteobacteria and cyanobacteria engulfed from?
These bacteria were engulfed by the ancestors of eukaryotes and tamed. This happened twice, first for mitochondria, and then for chloroplasts
what is prokaryotic?
bacteria and archaea (smaller no nucleus)
what is eukaryotic?
membrane brand organelles mitochondria and chloroplast
what is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic?
- The difference between them comes from the capturing process
- The key difference is that membrane-enclosed organelles are present in eukaryotes
what is archaea?
single cell organisms living in extreme organism
what is bacteria?
single cell organism that live everywhere
what is eukarya?
most important organisms because includes fungi and animals
