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CELS191 > Endomembrane System & Bulk Transport Processes > Flashcards

Endomembrane System & Bulk Transport Processes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

A

a membrane system interconnected by direct physical contact or transfer by vesicles.

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2
Q

what does the endomembrane system include?

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum (smooth & rough)
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vesicles
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • plasma membrane (made up of phospholipid bilayer)
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3
Q

How to move proteins out of the cell?

A
  • synthesize
  • tag and package
  • deliver
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4
Q

How to move proteins out of the cell through synthesise?

A
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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5
Q

How to move proteins out of the cell through tag and package?

A
  • Golgi apparatus
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6
Q

How to move proteins out of the cell through deliver?

A
  • vesicles transport protein
  • vesicles can fuse with membranes of organelles/the cell
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7
Q

what are the two types of ER?

A
  • smooth ER
  • rough ER
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8
Q

what are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

A
  • Metabolism of carbohydrates
  • Lipid synthesis for membranes
  • Detoxification of drugs and poisons
  • Storage of calcium ions (used as a signal in the cell)
  • Extensive sER in cells active in these processes
  • The amount of sER can be increased or decreased to meet the demand
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9
Q

why does rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough?

A

because of ribosomes that sit on the surface

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10
Q

what are the functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)?

A
  • Rough appearance due to ribosomes
  • Involved in protein synthesis
  • Secreted and membrane-bound proteins enter the lumen (interior) of the rER
  • and are processed by the rER and the rest of the endomembrane system for release from the cell or retention on the cell membrane
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11
Q

where does the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins occur?

A

Synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins occurs on free ribosomes

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12
Q

what are the functions of Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Series of membrane sacs and associated vesicles
  • Receives, modifies, sorts and ships proteins arriving from the rER
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13
Q

how does Golgi apparatus have polarity?

A
  • Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum arrive at the cis face
  • Processed vesicles leave at the trans face (away from the ER towards the plasma membrane)
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14
Q

what happens in the cis face of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum arrive at the cis face
  • faces towards the ER - receive vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum
  • modification and sorting happen throughout the Golgi
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15
Q

what are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Series of membrane sacs and associated vesicles
  • Receives, modifies, sorts, and ships proteins arriving from the rER
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16
Q

what functions happen in between the golgi complex?

A
  • glucosylation
  • sorting proteins
  • directing vesicle trafficking
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17
Q

what happens during glucosylation in the Golgi?

A
  • Addition (or modification) of carbohydrates to proteins
  • Important for secreted or cell surface proteins
  • Golgi also produces many polysaccharides which may
    also, be secreted from the cell e.g. pectin & hemicellulose
18
Q

what happens during sorting protein function in the Golgi?

A
  • Adds molecular markers to direct proteins to the correct vesicles before ”budding” from the trans face
19
Q

what happens during directing vesicle trafficking function in the Golgi?

A
  • Adds molecular “tags” to vesicles leaving the trans face to direct them to the correct targets
  • Such tags are often short proteins exposed on the vesicle surface
  • Tags direct vesicles to lysosomes, or secretory pathways, or to the plasma membrane to add membrane proteins
  • Act as docking sites when they reach their target
20
Q

what are the different types of vesicles?

A

Names reflect the function:
- Transport vesicles
- Secretory vesicles
- Vacuoles

21
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

Membrane-bound (phospholipid bilayer), cytoplasm/fluid-filled organelles

22
Q

what is exocytosis?

A
  • out of the cell - releases stuff we just made and tagged
  • Transports material (glycoproteins) out of the cell or delivers it to the cell surface
23
Q

what is exocytosis?

A
  • out of the cell - releases stuff we just made and tagged
  • Transports material (glycoproteins) out of the cell or delivers it to the cell surface
24
Q

what are the two different types of exocytosis?

A
  • constitutive exocytosis
  • regulated exocytosis
25
Q

what is constitutive exocytosis?

A

releases extracellular matrix proteins

26
Q

what is regulated exocytosis?

A

releases hormones and neurotransmitters
- signal saying what to do (will make it a short period of time then it’ll stop)

27
Q

what is endocytosis?

A
  • The cell takes in molecules and the particulate matter in the plasma membrane
28
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A
  • cell “eating”
  • uptake of “food” particles
  • forms a phagocytic vacuole which is “digested” by the lysosomes
  • in humans, this occurs in macrophages
  • opens and closes to bring food inside the cell in a vacuole
29
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A
  • Cell “drinking”
  • up-take of extracellular fluid containing various solutes such as protein and sugars
  • up-take vesicle is formed with the the aid of a coat protein
  • up-take is non-selective
30
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A
  • a specialized form of pinocytosis
  • allows the cell to take up the bulk quantities of specific substances which may be present at only low concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
  • receptor proteins are used to selectively capture the required solute
31
Q

what are lysosomes?

A
  • lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles made by the rER and Golgi body containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • The interior of a lysosome is acidic which is required for the enzymes to be active
  • They degrade proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and release breakdown products into the cell
32
Q

how do we use lysosomes to break down products inside the cell?

A
  • Lysosomes digest and recycle unwanted cellular materials this process is called autophagy and is important for cell health
  • Lysosomal digestion is also important in programmed cell
    death in which whole cells “intentionally” die.
33
Q

what happens when there is defects in lysosomal enzymes?

A
  • Defects in lysosomal enzymes can result in lysosomal
    storage diseases
34
Q

why are vacuoles important in plants?

A
  • can perform lysosome-like functions
  • large central vacuole absorbs water allowing plant cells to grow without a large increase in cytoplasm
  • Usually largest compartment in a plant cell
35
Q

food vacuoles are involved in…

A

phagocytosis

36
Q

what are the different types of endocytosis?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
37
Q

for vesicles to form in pinocytosis what do we need?

A

coated protein pit

38
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A
  • Cell “drinking”
  • uptake of extracellular fluid containing various solutes such as protein and sugars
  • up-take vesicle is formed with the aid of a coat protein
  • up-take is non-selective
39
Q

what are receptors in terms of proteins?

A

Receptors are proteins that will detect and bind to molecule/solute of interest

40
Q

what fuses with lysosomes?

A

Phagocytic vacuoles fuse with lysosomes

41
Q

what is autophagy?

A

Lysosomes digest and recycle unwanted cellular materials this process is called autophagy and is important for cell health

42
Q

what are vacuoles?

A

large vesicles derived from the rER and the golgi

CELS191 (19 decks)

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