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CELS191 > building blocks of cells > Flashcards

building blocks of cells Flashcards

1
Q

How can biological molecules be organized?

A

Biological Molecules can be organized into a number of higher-order structures

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2
Q

what are the biological building block molecules?

A
  • amino acids
  • nucleobases
  • simple carbohydrates
  • glycerol & fatty acids
  • hydrocarbon rings
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3
Q

what are the biological macromolecules?

A
  • proteins
  • DNA & RNA (nucleic acid)
  • complex carbohydrates
  • lipids
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4
Q

what are the biological supramolecular assemblies?

A
  • membranes
  • ribosomes
  • chromatin
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5
Q

what are the biological organelles?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • Golgi
  • ER
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6
Q

what are macromolecules composed of?

A

Typically composed of thousands of atoms or more, adding up to a large molecular
mass

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7
Q

what are macromolecules made of?

A

Made up of smaller units called building blocks (or monomers)

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8
Q

what are building blocks/monomers bonded by?

A

are joined by covalent (chemically strong) bonds

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9
Q

what do the building blocks form?

A

Most building blocks come together from polymeric molecules, some form nonpolymeric molecules

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10
Q

what is a biomolecule?

A

A biomolecule is ANY molecule that is produced by a living organism

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11
Q

what are the four different types of macromolecules?

A
  • polysaccharides (complex carbs)
  • nucleic ac ids (DNA and RNA)
  • proteins
  • lipids (non-polymeric macromolecule)
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12
Q

what are some examples of polymeric and non-polymeric macromolecules?

A

Polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins are polymeric macromolecules, and lipids are
non-polymeric.

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13
Q

what are polymeric molecules?

A

Polymeric molecules are molecules created by polymerization of building blocks

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14
Q

what are the four different types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharides (Simple carbohydrates, a.k.a. sugars)
  • Disaccharides (Simple carbohydrates, a.k.a. sugars)
  • Oligosaccharides (Complex carbohydrates)
  • Polysaccharides (Complex carbohydrates)
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15
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A
  • The single-unit building blocks of carbohydrates
  • simple carbohydrates
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16
Q

what are the two types of monosaccharides?

A
  • hexose monosaccharides
  • pentose monosaccharides
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17
Q

what are hexose monosaccharides?

A

building blocks of higher-order carbohydrates

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18
Q

what are hexose monosaccharides?

A

building blocks of higher-order carbohydrates

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19
Q

what are pentose monosaccharides?

A

Are usually part of larger molecules

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20
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides joined together

21
Q

glucose + fructose = ?

A

glucose and fructose monosaccharides form sucrose

22
Q

galactose + glucose = ?

A

glucose and galactose monosaccharides form lactose

23
Q

glucose + glucose = ?

A

two glucose monosaccharides form maltose

24
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A
  • Several monosaccharides linked together
  • Three to approx 10 monosaccharides linked together
25
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A
  • Many monosaccharides linked together
  • Approx > 10 linked monosaccharides
  • starch (plant carbohydrate)
  • glycogen (animal carbohydrate)
  • cellulose - fiber (plant carbohydrate)
26
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides

27
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • recognition
  • energy
  • structure
28
Q

what is nucleic acid?

A

Informational molecules:
* deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
* ribonucleic acid (RNA)

29
Q

what are polynucleotides?

A

they are the common bases
Thymine: T
Adenine: A
Cytosine: C
Guanine: G
Uracil: U

30
Q

what are polymers if nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides

31
Q

what are proteins?

A

Molecules by which cells perform their
functions in the whole organism

32
Q

what are proteins polymers of?

A

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

33
Q

how do the amino acid groups differ?

A

The 20 amino acids differ by their ‘R’ group
(R group = side chain)

34
Q

what is the mRNA?

A

messenger

35
Q

what is the protein?

A

workhorse of the cell

36
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A
  • Structural
  • Regulatory Insulin
  • Contractile
  • Transport
  • Storage
  • Protective
  • catalytic
  • Toxic
37
Q

what is the structural function of proteins?

A

Collagen – a protein in skin and bones

38
Q

what is the regulatory function of proteins?

A

Insulin – a peptide hormone

39
Q

what is the contractile function of proteins?

A

Actin, myosin – muscle proteins

40
Q

what is the transport function of proteins?

A

Haemoglobin – carries oxygen
Cytochrome c – e.g. carries electrons

41
Q

what is the storage function of proteins?

A

Egg white (albumin), seed proteins

42
Q

what is the protective function of proteins?

A

Antibodies (e.g. lgG) – immune proteins

43
Q

what is the catalytic function of proteins?

A

Hydrolytic in lysosomes
RNA polymerase – enzymes

44
Q

what is the toxic function of proteins?

A

Botulinum toxin, diphtheria toxin

45
Q

what are lipids?

A
  • NOT polymers
  • Heterogeneous
    e.g:
    § Triacylglycerols (“fats”)
    § Steroids (sterols)
    § Phospholipids
    § Glycolipids
    § Fat-soluble vitamins
  • Hydrophobic
46
Q

what are the functions of lipids?

A
  • structural - cholesterol and phospholipids in the cell membrane
  • regulatory
  • energy
47
Q

what can you build up using repeats of monosaccharides?

A

disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

48
Q

what makes different sugars?

A

changes in the groups of 6 carbon rings

49
Q

what happens when there are different carbon chemical group rings?

A

chemical group on carbon rings makes them act in different ways

CELS191 (19 decks)

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