plants that affect AMINO ACID & MONOAMINE receptors

Question 1

which AA act as neurotransmiters?

Answer 1

glutamate
GABA
glycine

Question 2

Where are glutamate receptors found?

Answer 2

found everywhere in the CNS

Question 3

what kind of receptors are glutamate receptors?

Answer 3

excitatory receptors

IONOTROPIC

Question 4

what role does glutamate receptors play?

Answer 4

plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (memory) an neuroplasticity

Question 5

what are the different ionotropic receptors associated to glutamate?

Answer 5

NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor

Question 6

what is the difference between the ionotropic glutamate receptors AMPA and NMDA?

Answer 6

AMPA: sodium and potassium influx ONLY
NMDA: needs 2 ligands glutamate and glycine, needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug Mg++ block, Calcium influx along with sodium and potassium

Question 7

….. NMDA receptors are responsible fo excitotoxicity and cell death

Answer 7

extrasynaptic

Question 8

…. NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells

Answer 8

synaptic

Question 9

what results in excitotoxicity?

Answer 9

excessive stimulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors

Question 10

… attenuates NMDA-induced excitotoxicity

Answer 10

curcumin

Question 11

scientific name of turmeric

Answer 11

Curcuma longa

Question 12

part used of turmeric

Answer 12

rhizome

Question 13

bioactive compound in turmeric

Answer 13

curcumin (phenolic compound)

Question 14

what does GABA stand for

Answer 14

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Question 15

Where are GABA receptors found?

Answer 15

found everywhere in CNS

found in interneurons

Question 16

what are the two types of GABA receptors?

Answer 16

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 17

what si the main difference between GABA receptors and glutamate receptors?

Answer 17

• GABA sedation, relaxes, inhibtits glutamate

- glutamate is excitatory

Question 18

what are the PAMs associated with GABA?

Answer 18

• barbiturates
• neurosteroids
• benzodiazepine

Question 19

where are glycine receptors located?

Answer 19

in the spinal cord

Question 20

what kind of receptors is the glycine receptor?

Answer 20

ionotropic

Question 21

what is the main difference between GABA and glycine receptors?

Answer 21

they are both sedatives but glycine receptors are found in the spinal cord

Question 22

strychnine is a glycine/acetylcholine receptor ….

Answer 22

antagonist

Question 23

scientific name of strychnine tree

Answer 23

strychnos nux-vomica

Question 24

which part of the strychnine tree is used?

Answer 24

seeds

Question 25

what is the bioactive compound of strychnine tree?

Answer 25

strychnine (alkaloid)

Question 26

what are the 4 monoamines?

Answer 26

serotonin dopamine norepinephrine epinephrine

Question 27

which monoamines are catecholamines?

Answer 27

dopamine and epinephrine

Question 28

which monoamines is an indolamine?

Answer 28

serotonin

Question 29

what is the scientific name of ayahuasca?

Answer 29

Banisteriopsis caapi

Question 30

which part of ayahuasca is used?

Answer 30

stems and bark

Question 31

what is the bioactive compound of ayahuasca?

Answer 31

harmine (alkaloid)

Question 32

what is the use of ayahuasca?

Answer 32

monoamine oxide (MAO) inhibitor

Question 33

what is DMT?

Answer 33

dimethyltryptamine

Question 34

what are MAOs?

Answer 34

monoamine oxidase - destroy monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 35

what is the mechanism of action of harmine found in ayahuasca?

Answer 35

inhibits the breakdown of monoamine transmitters (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine) => inhibits MAOs and replenish levels of serotonin and dopamine ANTIDEPRESSANT

Question 36

... is responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of Ayahuasca

Answer 36

dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

Question 37

DMT can be produced ....

Answer 37

endogenously

Question 38

DMT acts as an .... of serotonin receptors

Answer 38

agonist

Question 39

serotonin is a ....

Answer 39

monoamine

Question 40

what are the two kinds of receptors for serotonin?

Answer 40

ionotropic and metabotropic

Question 41

where is serotonin mostly found?

Answer 41

in the GUT

Question 42

what produces serotonin?

Answer 42

ENTEROCHROMAFFIN cells lining the digestive tract

Question 43

in the brain, serotonin acts as a ...

Answer 43

inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 44

in the gut, serotonin acts as a

Answer 44

hormonal messenger

Question 45

how do you increase brain serotonin?

Answer 45

through the vagus nerve -> parasympathetic system

Question 46

which are monoamine hallucinogens? (6)

Answer 46

- ergot - psilocybe - peyote - cawe - iboga - nutmeg

Question 47

what is the scientific name of ergot?

Answer 47

claviceps purpurea

Question 48

which part of ergot is used?

Answer 48

sclerotium

Question 49

what is the bioactive compound in ergot?

Answer 49

ergotamine (alkaloid)

Question 50

what does serotonin, as a hormonal messenger, regulate in the gut?

Answer 50

- satiety - food cravings - digestion - nutrient absorption - peristalsis

Question 51

what does serotonin, as an inhibitory neurotransmitters, regulate?

Answer 51

- mood - fear - anxiety - feelings of relation - mental focus - learning ability - clarity of thought

Question 52

what are the two types of ergotism?

Answer 52

1. serotogenic stimulation of the CNS (serotonin receptors are over stimulated) 2. vasoconstriction of the vascular system

Question 53

what is the scientific name of morning glory?

Answer 53

Ipomoea tricolor

Question 54

what part of morning glory is used?

Answer 54

seeds

Question 55

what is the bioactive compound of morning glory?

Answer 55

ergine (alkaloid)

Question 56

what are the 2 ergot alkaloids?

Answer 56

1. serotogenic (similar structure to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine) => agonist 2. vasoconstriction

Question 57

how to raise serotonin levels naturally?

Answer 57

- food - exercise - bright light - mood and mindset - massage - probiotics

Question 58

scientific name of St . John's wort

Answer 58

Hypericum perforatum

Question 59

which part of St. johns wort is used?

Answer 59

flowers and buds

Question 60

bioactive compound of St. johns wort

Answer 60

hyperforin and hypericin