plants that affect AMINO ACID & MONOAMINE receptors Flashcards
which AA act as neurotransmiters?
glutamate
GABA
glycine
Where are glutamate receptors found?
found everywhere in the CNS
what kind of receptors are glutamate receptors?
excitatory receptors
IONOTROPIC
what role does glutamate receptors play?
plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (memory) an neuroplasticity
what are the different ionotropic receptors associated to glutamate?
NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor
what is the difference between the ionotropic glutamate receptors AMPA and NMDA?
AMPA: sodium and potassium influx ONLY
NMDA: needs 2 ligands glutamate and glycine, needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug Mg++ block, Calcium influx along with sodium and potassium
….. NMDA receptors are responsible fo excitotoxicity and cell death
extrasynaptic
…. NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells
synaptic
what results in excitotoxicity?
excessive stimulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors
… attenuates NMDA-induced excitotoxicity
curcumin
scientific name of turmeric
Curcuma longa
part used of turmeric
rhizome
bioactive compound in turmeric
curcumin (phenolic compound)
what does GABA stand for
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
Where are GABA receptors found?
found everywhere in CNS
found in interneurons
what are the two types of GABA receptors?
ionotropic and metabotropic
what si the main difference between GABA receptors and glutamate receptors?
- GABA sedation, relaxes, inhibtits glutamate
- glutamate is excitatory
what are the PAMs associated with GABA?
- barbiturates
- neurosteroids
- benzodiazepine
where are glycine receptors located?
in the spinal cord
what kind of receptors is the glycine receptor?
ionotropic
what is the main difference between GABA and glycine receptors?
they are both sedatives but glycine receptors are found in the spinal cord
strychnine is a glycine/acetylcholine receptor ….
antagonist
scientific name of strychnine tree
strychnos nux-vomica
which part of the strychnine tree is used?
seeds
what is the bioactive compound of strychnine tree?
strychnine (alkaloid)
what are the 4 monoamines?
serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine
which monoamines are catecholamines?
dopamine and epinephrine
which monoamines is an indolamine?
serotonin
what is the scientific name of ayahuasca?
Banisteriopsis caapi
which part of ayahuasca is used?
stems and bark
what is the bioactive compound of ayahuasca?
harmine (alkaloid)
what is the use of ayahuasca?
monoamine oxide (MAO) inhibitor
what is DMT?
dimethyltryptamine
what are MAOs?
monoamine oxidase - destroy monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
what is the mechanism of action of harmine found in ayahuasca?
inhibits the breakdown of monoamine transmitters (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
=> inhibits MAOs and replenish levels of serotonin and dopamine
ANTIDEPRESSANT
… is responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of Ayahuasca
dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
DMT can be produced ….
endogenously
DMT acts as an …. of serotonin receptors
agonist
serotonin is a ….
monoamine
what are the two kinds of receptors for serotonin?
ionotropic and metabotropic
where is serotonin mostly found?
in the GUT
what produces serotonin?
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN cells lining the digestive tract
in the brain, serotonin acts as a …
inhibitory neurotransmitter
in the gut, serotonin acts as a
hormonal messenger
how do you increase brain serotonin?
through the vagus nerve -> parasympathetic system
which are monoamine hallucinogens? (6)
- ergot
- psilocybe
- peyote
- cawe
- iboga
- nutmeg
what is the scientific name of ergot?
claviceps purpurea
which part of ergot is used?
sclerotium
what is the bioactive compound in ergot?
ergotamine (alkaloid)
what does serotonin, as a hormonal messenger, regulate in the gut?
- satiety - food cravings - digestion - nutrient absorption - peristalsis
what does serotonin, as an inhibitory neurotransmitters, regulate?
- mood - fear - anxiety - feelings of relation - mental focus - learning ability - clarity of thought
what are the two types of ergotism?
- serotogenic stimulation of the CNS (serotonin receptors are over stimulated)
- vasoconstriction of the vascular system
what is the scientific name of morning glory?
Ipomoea tricolor
what part of morning glory is used?
seeds
what is the bioactive compound of morning glory?
ergine (alkaloid)
what are the 2 ergot alkaloids?
- serotogenic (similar structure to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine) => agonist
- vasoconstriction
how to raise serotonin levels naturally?
- food
- exercise
- bright light
- mood and mindset
- massage
- probiotics
scientific name of St . John’s wort
Hypericum perforatum
which part of St. johns wort is used?
flowers and buds
bioactive compound of St. johns wort
hyperforin and hypericin