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NUTR 512 > plants that affect AMINO ACID & MONOAMINE receptors > Flashcards

plants that affect AMINO ACID & MONOAMINE receptors Flashcards

1
Q

which AA act as neurotransmiters?

A

glutamate
GABA
glycine

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2
Q

Where are glutamate receptors found?

A

found everywhere in the CNS

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3
Q

what kind of receptors are glutamate receptors?

A

excitatory receptors

IONOTROPIC

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4
Q

what role does glutamate receptors play?

A

plays a critical role in long-term potentiation (memory) an neuroplasticity

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5
Q

what are the different ionotropic receptors associated to glutamate?

A

NMDA receptor
AMPA receptor
Kainate receptor

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6
Q

what is the difference between the ionotropic glutamate receptors AMPA and NMDA?

A

AMPA: sodium and potassium influx ONLY
NMDA: needs 2 ligands glutamate and glycine, needs electrostatic repulsion to unplug Mg++ block, Calcium influx along with sodium and potassium

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7
Q

….. NMDA receptors are responsible fo excitotoxicity and cell death

A

extrasynaptic

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8
Q

…. NMDA receptors contribute to health and longevity of cells

A

synaptic

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9
Q

what results in excitotoxicity?

A

excessive stimulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors

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10
Q

… attenuates NMDA-induced excitotoxicity

A

curcumin

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11
Q

scientific name of turmeric

A

Curcuma longa

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12
Q

part used of turmeric

A

rhizome

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13
Q

bioactive compound in turmeric

A

curcumin (phenolic compound)

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14
Q

what does GABA stand for

A

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

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15
Q

Where are GABA receptors found?

A

found everywhere in CNS

found in interneurons

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16
Q

what are the two types of GABA receptors?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

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17
Q

what si the main difference between GABA receptors and glutamate receptors?

A
  • GABA sedation, relaxes, inhibtits glutamate

- glutamate is excitatory

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18
Q

what are the PAMs associated with GABA?

A
  • barbiturates
  • neurosteroids
  • benzodiazepine
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19
Q

where are glycine receptors located?

A

in the spinal cord

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20
Q

what kind of receptors is the glycine receptor?

A

ionotropic

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21
Q

what is the main difference between GABA and glycine receptors?

A

they are both sedatives but glycine receptors are found in the spinal cord

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22
Q

strychnine is a glycine/acetylcholine receptor ….

A

antagonist

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23
Q

scientific name of strychnine tree

A

strychnos nux-vomica

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24
Q

which part of the strychnine tree is used?

A

seeds

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25
Q

what is the bioactive compound of strychnine tree?

A

strychnine (alkaloid)

26
Q

what are the 4 monoamines?

A

serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrine

27
Q

which monoamines are catecholamines?

A

dopamine and epinephrine

28
Q

which monoamines is an indolamine?

A

serotonin

29
Q

what is the scientific name of ayahuasca?

A

Banisteriopsis caapi

30
Q

which part of ayahuasca is used?

A

stems and bark

31
Q

what is the bioactive compound of ayahuasca?

A

harmine (alkaloid)

32
Q

what is the use of ayahuasca?

A

monoamine oxide (MAO) inhibitor

33
Q

what is DMT?

A

dimethyltryptamine

34
Q

what are MAOs?

A

monoamine oxidase - destroy monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

35
Q

what is the mechanism of action of harmine found in ayahuasca?

A

inhibits the breakdown of monoamine transmitters (serotonin, dopamine) and hormones (melatonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
=> inhibits MAOs and replenish levels of serotonin and dopamine
ANTIDEPRESSANT

36
Q

… is responsible for the hallucinogenic properties of Ayahuasca

A

dimethyltryptamine (DMT)

37
Q

DMT can be produced ….

A

endogenously

38
Q

DMT acts as an …. of serotonin receptors

A

agonist

39
Q

serotonin is a ….

A

monoamine

40
Q

what are the two kinds of receptors for serotonin?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

41
Q

where is serotonin mostly found?

A

in the GUT

42
Q

what produces serotonin?

A

ENTEROCHROMAFFIN cells lining the digestive tract

43
Q

in the brain, serotonin acts as a …

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter

44
Q

in the gut, serotonin acts as a

A

hormonal messenger

45
Q

how do you increase brain serotonin?

A

through the vagus nerve -> parasympathetic system

46
Q

which are monoamine hallucinogens? (6)

A
  • ergot
  • psilocybe
  • peyote
  • cawe
  • iboga
  • nutmeg
47
Q

what is the scientific name of ergot?

A

claviceps purpurea

48
Q

which part of ergot is used?

A

sclerotium

49
Q

what is the bioactive compound in ergot?

A

ergotamine (alkaloid)

50
Q

what does serotonin, as a hormonal messenger, regulate in the gut?

A
  • satiety - food cravings - digestion - nutrient absorption - peristalsis
51
Q

what does serotonin, as an inhibitory neurotransmitters, regulate?

A
  • mood - fear - anxiety - feelings of relation - mental focus - learning ability - clarity of thought
52
Q

what are the two types of ergotism?

A
  1. serotogenic stimulation of the CNS (serotonin receptors are over stimulated)
  2. vasoconstriction of the vascular system
53
Q

what is the scientific name of morning glory?

A

Ipomoea tricolor

54
Q

what part of morning glory is used?

A

seeds

55
Q

what is the bioactive compound of morning glory?

A

ergine (alkaloid)

56
Q

what are the 2 ergot alkaloids?

A
  1. serotogenic (similar structure to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine) => agonist
  2. vasoconstriction
57
Q

how to raise serotonin levels naturally?

A
  • food
  • exercise
  • bright light
  • mood and mindset
  • massage
  • probiotics
58
Q

scientific name of St . John’s wort

A

Hypericum perforatum

59
Q

which part of St. johns wort is used?

A

flowers and buds

60
Q

bioactive compound of St. johns wort

A

hyperforin and hypericin

NUTR 512 (11 decks)

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