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NUTR 512 > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

photosynthesizing plants appeared during the ….

A

silurian period (443 million years ago)

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2
Q

the first branching plant was called … where was it found?

A

cooksonia

in the ocean

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3
Q

terrestrial … appeared slightly earlier than Cooksonia

A

fungi

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4
Q

early plants used ….. in their roots

A

symbiotic fungi

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5
Q

why did terrestrial plants produce an arsenal of compounds? (3)

A
  • deter plant-eating animals
  • discourage the growth of other seedlings
  • inhibit soil bacteria and fungi
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6
Q

what were some early strategies developed by plants to survive desiccation in the air and exposure to UV waves from intense sunlight?

A
  • water loss: developed a layer go epidermal cells coated by a waxy cuticle layer
  • UV radiation: water served as a filter for direct sunlight
  • flavonoid pigments: reflect UV wavelengths (anthocyanins)
  • tannins: astringent compounds that limit a plant’s palatability, can bind digestive enzymes and interfere with digestion, c an cause cancers in animals and people whore are chronically exposed to tannins
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7
Q

What are some plant defenses?

A
  • physical defenses: bark, waxy cuticle, hard chills, thorns
  • chemical defenses: alkaloids, opioids, glycol cyanide, cardiac glycosides, lectins, oxalates
  • timing: mast years in nut trees, long distance singling to boost defence in other parts of the plant and neighbouring plants
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8
Q

how do you identify a flavonoid?

A

6-3-6 (# of carbons in each ring)

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9
Q

what are the subunits of tannic acid?

A

gallic acid

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10
Q

how to recognize a phenol?

A

phenyl group (aromatic ring with 6 carbons) and a hydroxyl group OH

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11
Q

many … evolved as natural deterrents and toxins

A

phytochemical

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12
Q

scientific name of garlic?

A
  • Allium sativum
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13
Q

what enzyme is used to convert alliin to allicin?

A

alliniase

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14
Q

what are the two mechanism of actions of allicin?

A
  • As H2S donor - as precursors of hydrogen sulfide

- as antioxidants

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15
Q

Hydrogen sulfide induces ….. which explains garlic’s cardioprotective effect

A

induces smooth muscle relaxation and dilates blood vessels

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16
Q

allicin can react with …. groups and can inactivate essential ….

A

thiol groups

essential enzymes

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17
Q

what explains the antibacterial and anti fungal activity of allicin?

A

allicin can react with thiol groups and can inactivate essential enzymes

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18
Q

how does allicin act as an antioxidant?

A

organosulfur compounds inhibit per oxidation of lipids and possess radical scavenging activities

19
Q

purgative

A

strongly laxative effect

20
Q

emetic

A

causing vomiting

21
Q

scientific name of white willow?

A
  • Salix alba
22
Q

part used of white willow?

23
Q

bioactive compound of white willow?

A

Salicin metabolized to salicylic acid

24
Q

part used of garlic?

25
Q

bioactive compound of garlic

A

alliin degraded to allicin

26
Q

white willow is the source of which medicine?

27
Q

abortifacient

A

causing abortion

28
Q

contraceptive (Queen Anne’s Lace)

A

prevents pregnancy

29
Q

tincture

A

made by dissolving the plant in alcohol

30
Q

emmenagogue

A

stimulates or increases menstrual flow

31
Q

scientific name of Queen Anne’s Lace

A

Daucus carota

32
Q

Part used of Queen Anne’s Lace

33
Q

bioactive compound of Queen Anne’s Lace

A

carotol (isoprene compound)

34
Q

infusion (twinflower)

A

a drink prepared by soaking the leaves of a plant in water

35
Q

decoction (twinflower)

A

extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material

36
Q

what are the steps in drug discovery?

A
  1. Ethnobotanical information/historic texts
  2. botanical identification
  3. preparation of extracts
  4. biological assays
  5. bioassay-guided fractionation
  6. active compound identification
  7. medicinal chemistry, SAR
  8. toxicology, pharmacology, ADME, PK/PD, Formulation
  9. clinical studies
37
Q

Natural products have been major sources of lead compounds in the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of: (6)

A
  • infectious diseases
  • lipid disorders
  • neurological diseases
  • cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
  • immunological/inflammatory and related diseases
  • oncologic diseases
38
Q

how long does it take for drug discovery?

A

7 to 11 years

39
Q

what are the 5 major steps in drug discovery?

A
  • “Hit” Improvement
  • “Lead” Improvement
  • drug candidate
  • pre-clinical
  • clinical
40
Q

what does drug candidate entail?

A

mechanism of action, target discovery

41
Q

what goes into pre-clinical of drug discovery?

A

toxicity, efficacy, dose response

42
Q

what goes into clinical of drug discovery?

A

adverse response, efficacy, responder/non-responser

43
Q

which 3 steps create a loop in drug discovery?

A

“Hit” improvement
“Lead” improvement
drug candidate

NUTR 512 (11 decks)

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