Evolution

Question 1

photosynthesizing plants appeared during the ….

Answer 1

silurian period (443 million years ago)

Question 2

the first branching plant was called … where was it found?

Answer 2

cooksonia

in the ocean

Question 3

terrestrial … appeared slightly earlier than Cooksonia

Answer 3

fungi

Question 4

early plants used ….. in their roots

Answer 4

symbiotic fungi

Question 5

why did terrestrial plants produce an arsenal of compounds? (3)

Answer 5

• deter plant-eating animals
• discourage the growth of other seedlings
• inhibit soil bacteria and fungi

Question 6

what were some early strategies developed by plants to survive desiccation in the air and exposure to UV waves from intense sunlight?

Answer 6

• water loss: developed a layer go epidermal cells coated by a waxy cuticle layer
• UV radiation: water served as a filter for direct sunlight
• flavonoid pigments: reflect UV wavelengths (anthocyanins)
• tannins: astringent compounds that limit a plant’s palatability, can bind digestive enzymes and interfere with digestion, c an cause cancers in animals and people whore are chronically exposed to tannins

Question 7

What are some plant defenses?

Answer 7

• physical defenses: bark, waxy cuticle, hard chills, thorns
• chemical defenses: alkaloids, opioids, glycol cyanide, cardiac glycosides, lectins, oxalates
• timing: mast years in nut trees, long distance singling to boost defence in other parts of the plant and neighbouring plants

Question 8

how do you identify a flavonoid?

Answer 8

6-3-6 (# of carbons in each ring)

Question 9

what are the subunits of tannic acid?

Answer 9

gallic acid

Question 10

how to recognize a phenol?

Answer 10

phenyl group (aromatic ring with 6 carbons) and a hydroxyl group OH

Question 11

many … evolved as natural deterrents and toxins

Answer 11

phytochemical

Question 12

scientific name of garlic?

Answer 12

• Allium sativum

Question 13

what enzyme is used to convert alliin to allicin?

Answer 13

alliniase

Question 14

what are the two mechanism of actions of allicin?

Answer 14

• As H2S donor - as precursors of hydrogen sulfide

- as antioxidants

Question 15

Hydrogen sulfide induces ….. which explains garlic’s cardioprotective effect

Answer 15

induces smooth muscle relaxation and dilates blood vessels

Question 16

allicin can react with …. groups and can inactivate essential ….

Answer 16

thiol groups

essential enzymes

Question 17

what explains the antibacterial and anti fungal activity of allicin?

Answer 17

allicin can react with thiol groups and can inactivate essential enzymes

Question 18

how does allicin act as an antioxidant?

Answer 18

organosulfur compounds inhibit per oxidation of lipids and possess radical scavenging activities

Question 19

purgative

Answer 19

strongly laxative effect

Question 20

emetic

Answer 20

causing vomiting

Question 21

scientific name of white willow?

Answer 21

• Salix alba

Question 22

part used of white willow?

Answer 22

bark

Question 23

bioactive compound of white willow?

Answer 23

Salicin metabolized to salicylic acid

Question 24

part used of garlic?

Answer 24

bulb

Question 25

bioactive compound of garlic

Answer 25

alliin degraded to allicin

Question 26

white willow is the source of which medicine?

Answer 26

aspirin

Question 27

abortifacient

Answer 27

causing abortion

Question 28

contraceptive (Queen Anne’s Lace)

Answer 28

prevents pregnancy

Question 29

tincture

Answer 29

made by dissolving the plant in alcohol

Question 30

emmenagogue

Answer 30

stimulates or increases menstrual flow

Question 31

scientific name of Queen Anne’s Lace

Answer 31

Daucus carota

Question 32

Part used of Queen Anne’s Lace

Answer 32

seeds

Question 33

bioactive compound of Queen Anne’s Lace

Answer 33

carotol (isoprene compound)

Question 34

infusion (twinflower)

Answer 34

a drink prepared by soaking the leaves of a plant in water

Question 35

decoction (twinflower)

Answer 35

extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the chemicals of the material

Question 36

what are the steps in drug discovery?

Answer 36

1. Ethnobotanical information/historic texts
2. botanical identification
3. preparation of extracts
4. biological assays
5. bioassay-guided fractionation
6. active compound identification
7. medicinal chemistry, SAR
8. toxicology, pharmacology, ADME, PK/PD, Formulation
9. clinical studies

Question 37

Natural products have been major sources of lead compounds in the discovery of new drugs for the treatment of: (6)

Answer 37

• infectious diseases
• lipid disorders
• neurological diseases
• cardiovascular and metabolic diseases
• immunological/inflammatory and related diseases
• oncologic diseases

Question 38

how long does it take for drug discovery?

Answer 38

7 to 11 years

Question 39

what are the 5 major steps in drug discovery?

Answer 39

• “Hit” Improvement
• “Lead” Improvement
• drug candidate
• pre-clinical
• clinical

Question 40

what does drug candidate entail?

Answer 40

mechanism of action, target discovery

Question 41

what goes into pre-clinical of drug discovery?

Answer 41

toxicity, efficacy, dose response

Question 42

what goes into clinical of drug discovery?

Answer 42

adverse response, efficacy, responder/non-responser

Question 43

which 3 steps create a loop in drug discovery?

Answer 43

“Hit” improvement
“Lead” improvement
drug candidate