plants that affect ACETYLCHOLINE receptors Flashcards
What makes up the nervous system?
- central nervous system CNS: brain and spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system (carries messages to and from the CNS)
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
- somatic nervous system (control voluntary muscles and transmits sensory information to the CNS)
- autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary body functions)
What makes up the autonomic nervous system?
- sympathetic nervous system - fight or flight (arouses body to expend energy)
- parasympathetic nervous system - rest and digest (calms body to conserve and maintain energy
characteristics of parasympathetic
How we should be feeling normally: constricted pupil, slow heartbeat, constricts bronchial tubules, stimulates bile secretion, constriction of blood vessels, stimulates activity of digestive system, relaxed uterus, increased urinary output
characteristics of sympathetic
perceived/actual stress: dilated pupil, increased heartbeat, dilated brachial tubules, sweating, increased rate of glycogen to glucose by liver, decreased digestive system activity, vaginal contraction, relaxed bladder
function of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
defend body against attack vs. healing, regeneration and nourishing the body
overall effect of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
catabolic vs. anabolic
psychological qualities of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic
fear, guilt, sadness, anger, willfulness and aggressiveness vs. calmness, contentment and relaxation
what neurone is involved in the autonomic nervous system, parasympathetic division?
cholinergic neurons
what neurones are involved in the autonomic nervous system, sympathetic division?
cholinergic neuron and adrenergic neuron
what are 4 types of neurotransmitters?
- acetylcholine
- amino acids
- monoamines
- purines (adenosine)
examples of amino acids as neurotransmitters?
- glutamate
- GABA
- glycine
examples of monoamine neurotransmitters?
- indolamines: serotonin
- catecholamines: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
what neurotramitters do cholinergic neurons use?
acetylcholine
what neurotransmitters does the sympathetic division use?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, cortisol
acetylcholine is found in the sympathetic as a …..
ganglion neurotransmitter
acetylcholine is found in the parasympathetic as both … and …
ganglionic and terminal neurotransmitter
what are the receptors of acetylcholine?
- ionotropic
- metabotropic
what is another name for inotropic receptor?
nicotinic receptors
what is another name for metabotropic receptor?
muscarinic receptors
acetylcholine is found in: (3)
- motor neuron
- brain
- autonomic nervous system
characteristics of the nicotinic/ionotropic receptor:
ligand-gated ion channel
ligand binds to receptor - receptor opens up and causes a response. Very simple and very fast
characteristics of the muscarinic/metabotropic receptor:
a lot slower, requires more steps
ligand binds to the receptor which causes a conformational change (G-protein)
subunit can go to inotropic receptor and open it
scientific name for tobacco
Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana tabacum
part used of tobacco
leaves
bioactive compound of tobacco
nicotine (alkaloid)
nicotine acts as a ……. for acetylcholine
receptor agonist -> mimics effects of acetylcholine
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is found in ….
autonomic - para and sympathetic system
somatic - neuromuscular junction
why is nicotine highly addictive?
directly stimulates the acetylcholine receptors on dopamine-containing neurons which causes an overflow of dopamine in the reward centres of the brain
=> activates the Dopaminergic pathways (reward-related cognition and conditioning/habituation)
nicotine activates the …. nervous system, stimulating the release of …
sympathetic nervous system stimulating the release of epinephrine
how does the nAChR work?
- action potential arrives at terminal of neuron
- vesicles containing the neurotransmitters fuse with the plasma membrane
- neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft
- neurotransmitter bins to the nAChR
- causing an intracellular signal
what happens to the neurotransmitters once the message is sent to the receiving neuron?
- reuptake of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neuron
- enzyme degradation -> acetyclholinesterase
- neurotransmitters diffuse away from synapse
What are PAMs
positive allosteric modulators - increase the receptor’s response to Acetylcholine
how is nicotine an agonist for acetylcholine?
it either binds with the nAChR or it inhibits the degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase
nicotine …. the nAChR
up regulation -> more receptors -> increased craving (habituation)
curing and aging of tobacco leaves generates carcinogenic ……
tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
severe health effects of tobacco use comes from other chemicals such as …
tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs)
insufflation
the act of blowing something into a body cavity
expectorant
promotes the secretion of sputum
stimulant
causing raised levels of psychological to nervous activity in the body
depressant
causing reduced functional or nervous activity
entheogenic
a drug that causes one to become inspired or to experience feelings of inspiration, often in a religious or “spiritual” manner
scientific name for fly agaric
amanita muscaria
part used of fly agaric
entire mushroom
bioactive compound of fly agaric
muscarine (alkaloid)
muscarine is an …. of acetylcholine
agonist
what is the mechanism of action of muscarine?
it binds to muscarinic/metabotropic acetylcholine receptor causing profound activation of the parasympathetic nervous system (not degraded by acetylcholinesterase which explains its toxicity)
what can treat the effect of muscarine?
atropine -> antagonist of muscarinic receptor
muscarine is NOT the main psychoactive compound, which are they?
MUSCIMOL and its pre-drug IBOTENIC ACID are the cause of hallucinations and toxicity
muscimol is a potent selective …. receptor agonist
GABA
Ibotenic acid is a potent …. of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and metabotropic GLUTAMATE receptors
agonist
which plants are used in Divination?
angel’s trumpets, Jimson weed, Morning glory
scientific name of angel’s trumpet
Brugmansia spp.
Scientific name of Jimson weed
Datura stramonium
Scientific name of morning glory
Ipomoea tricolor
what are the main compounds in angel’s trumpets AND jimson weed?
Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine, hyoscymine, atropine
what are the main compounds in morning glory?
ergoline alkaloids: ergonovine, ergine
what are the parts used of Jimson Weed?
seeds/leaves
how do tropane alkaloids work?
they are ANTI-CHOLINERGIC and inhibit the transmission of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
=> Ach antagonist on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
tropane alkaloids …. the parasympathetic nervous system
suppress
in the synaptic cleft, ACh is rapidly broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. … is transported back into the axon terminal and is used to make more ACh.
choline
how to anticholinergics work?
competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at central and peripheral muscarinic receptors
what are the symptoms of anticholinergic toxidrome?
blind, mad, red, hot, dry, racing heart, bowel and bladder lose their tone
glycoalkaloids act as ….. of acetylcholine. Mode of action?
agonist by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
scientific name for chili pepper
Capsicum annum
part used of chili pepper
fruit
bioactive compound of chili pepper
capsaicin (protoalkaloid)
capsaicin binds to which receptor?
transient receptor potential vanillin 1 receptor
galantamine is an ….. of acetylcholine, how does it work?
agonist by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stimulate the …..
parasympathetic nervous system
galantamine, glycoalkaloids
acetylcholine antagonists reduce the ….
parasympathetic nervous system (tropane alkaloids)
