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biodiversity lecture > Plants II > Flashcards

Plants II Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of vascular plants

A

lycophytes and euphyllophytes

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2
Q

what kind of development for vascular plants and what kind of tissue?

A

apical development makes primary tissue

-seed plants make 2 tissue

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3
Q

lignin

A

gives wood strength

-plants can’t break it down

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4
Q

Primary tissue

A

develops from apical meristem and becomes primary plant body (roots, stem, leaves)

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5
Q

secondary tissue

A
  • develops later within primary growth and thickens root and stem
  • vascular cambium
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6
Q

3 offshoots from apical meristem

A

Protoderm –> epidermis (dermal tissue system)

Ground Meristem –> ground tissue (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

Procambium –> primary xylem and phloem

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7
Q

xylem

A

water-conducting tissue made of tracheids and vessel elements

-lignified and has fiber

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8
Q

phloem

A

food-conducting cells made of sieve tube cells and companion cells

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9
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of cells of stem and leaves

-jigsaw puzzle pattern of epidermal cells

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10
Q

stomates + guard cells

A

regulate gas exchange and decrease water loss in epidermis

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11
Q

trichomes

A

above ground

-prevent water loss in stem and leaves

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12
Q

root hairs

A

below ground

-prevent water loss in roots

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13
Q

cortex and pith

A

primary ground tissues

  • cortex is peripheral
  • pith is central
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14
Q

arrangement of primary tissue

A

varies by location in plant

leaf: < o o o >
root / o o \
…… \ o o /
stem /…….o ….. o…… \
……… I o ……………..o I
………. .…. o…… o …./

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15
Q

Shoot anatomy

  • where do lateral shoots come from?
  • what are the layers of the shoot?
  • where do leaves come from?
  • what are the layers of leaves?
A
  1. axillary buds
  2. leaf primordium
    apical meristem: Tunica (L1 and L2)
    Initial layer of corpus (L3)
    pith meristem
  3. shoot apex
  4. epidermis, mesophyll, xylem/phloem
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16
Q

root function

A

anchors plant

aborbs water and nutrients

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17
Q

cortex in roots

A

has endodermis (innermost layer of cortex)

  • endodermal cells in single layer with suberin-containing casparian strip
  • strip is attached to plasma membrane and connects to casparian srips in adjacent cells
  • strip blocks movement of water between cells –> water must move thru cell membrane to enter vascular cylinder in center
  • as root matures, endodermis becomes sealed with suberin and water doesn’t move into vascular system anymore
18
Q

Stele: definition and types

A
  • arrangement of primary vascular tissue in stems and roots
  • have changed over evolutionary time in dif. plant gps
  • protosteles, euteles, alactosteles, siphonosteles
19
Q

protostele

A

earliest arrangement observed in vascular plants

  • solid core of xylem in center
  • still observed in some seed plant roots
20
Q

siphonostele

A

solid cylinders of vascular tissue with pith in center

-vascular tissue forms o or c

21
Q

eustele

A

pith in center
vascular bundles in circle
-in eudicot stems and monocot roots

22
Q

alactostele

A

scattered vascular bundles

in monocot stems

23
Q

secondary growth

A

2 meristem 2 tissues

…………………………………………………………….._____ secondary X
X/P ————-vascular cambium ———/_____ secondary P

cortex ——— cork cambium_____________phelloderm
………………………………………………………………….\______cork

24
Q

vascular cambium

A
  • develops between 1 x/p
  • makes 2 x/p
  • as growth in diameter continues, pressure on peripheral tissue causes them to slough off
  • cells appear stacked
  • vascular rays = parenchymatous cells that conduct fluid
25
Q

cork camium

A

initiates 1st in cortex as epidermis is disrupted

  • produces cork on outside and phelloderm on inside
  • cork has lots of suberin
  • cork + phelloderm = periderm
  • provides waterproof protective layer as epidermis disappears
26
Q

wood vs bark

inner bark vs outer bark

A 
wood = 2 x
bark = 2 p
inner = no peridermis
outer = lots of peridermis (youngest at center)
27
Q

Earliest vascular fossils

A

425 mya

  • no leaves
  • homosporous
  • some w/ hydroids/leptoids, others with x/p

400 mya
-small, nonvascular and early vascular plants

360 mya

  • lycopods and pteridophytes mostly
  • lycophytes = 70% of our coal
28
Q

microphylls vs megaphylls

A

microphylls = made from branching f/ protostele

  • no leaf gap or comlex venation
  • lycophytes

megaphylls = made f/ vascular bundles

  • leaf gap and complex venation
  • siphonosteles, eusteles, alactosteles
  • all vascular plants besides lycophytes (euphyllophytes)
29
Q

Homosporous vs heterosporous

A

homo = makes 1 type of spore that become hermaphroditic gametophytes (more ancient)

hetero = make 2 types of spores (more derived)
-microspores and megaspores

30
Q

endospore vs exospore gametophytes

A
  • endosporic gametophytes= nonphotosynthetic (usually) and develop inside spore wall (if endosporic, then heterosporous)
  • exosporic gamethophytes = photosynthetic (usually) and break out of spore wall to develop independently (homosporous)
31
Q

lycophytes

A

-have microphylls
-sporangia are borne next to microphylls
-sometimes condensed into strobilil
“club mosses”

32
Q

lycopodium

A
  • lycophyte
  • homosporous sporophyte with microphylls
  • spores produced in sporangia attached to sporophylls clustered together in cones
  • gametophyte produces archegonia and antheridia
33
Q

selaginella

A
  • lycophyte
  • heterosporous
  • micro and mega spores produced in separate sporangia clustered together loosely on stem or in cones
  • endosporic
  • embryo dvlps inside femal gametophyte inside megaspore wall
34
Q

euphyllophytes

A
  • have true leaves

- include moniilophytes and seed plants

35
Q

Monilophytes

A
  • ferns and fern allies
  • sister gp to seed plants
  • horsetails, whisk ferns, leptosporangiate ferns
  • all shed spores
  • typically produce spores in bead-shaped sporangia
36
Q

horsetails

A
  • 1 genus (equisetum) w/ 15 species
  • worldwide distribution
  • homosporous sporoophytes
  • exosporic, nonvascular photosynthetic gametophytes
  • highly reduced leaves
  • whorled lateral branches with scale leave, giving bush-like look
37
Q

whisk ferns

A
  • 2 genera (psilotun and timesipiteris) with 17 species
  • homosporous sporophytes
  • gametophyte= nonphotosynthetic, underground, with vascular tissue
  • worldwide
  • frost free
38
Q

leptosporangiate ferns stem

A
  • rhizome (horizontal stem)
  • trunk
  • vine
  • siphonostele
  • develops adventitious roots on underside
39
Q

leptosporangiate fern leaves

A

megaphylls with complex venation

  • fiddle head development
  • grow from rhizomes –> usually the only part above ground
  • sporogenus tissue
40
Q

leptosporangiate fern sporangia

A
  • sori = clusters of sporangia
  • insidium = flap covering sporangia
  • mostly homosporous (terestrial); some heterosporous (aquatic)
  • sporangia distribution differs bt species of fern
41
Q

ceratopteris richardi

A
  • homosporous aquatic fern

- antheridogens released by germinating spores control sexual differentiation of entire gametophyte generation

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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