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biodiversity lecture > Animals V > Flashcards

Animals V Flashcards

1
Q

Amniotes

  • yrs
  • def
  • extraembryonic membrane
A
  • 340 mya to now
  • Covered eggs and internal fertilization
  • Shell and shell membrnes protect and prevent water evaporation

Extraembrionic Membrane:
-Chorion = outermost membrane for gas exchange
Allantois = encloses wastes and used for gas exchange
-amnion = protects anbryo
-yolk sac = encloses nutrients

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2
Q

synapsid vs diapsid

A
  • Amniotes can be both
  • reptiles and birds are diapsid with 2 fenestrae behind eye hole
  • synapsids have one fenestrae (mammals)
  • anapsids have no opening –> derivation of single lineage of diapsids (turtles)
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3
Q

Types of extant diapsid reptiles

A
  • Testudines
  • lepidosauria: tuatara, squamata
  • archosauria: crocs, dinos, birds
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4
Q

Testudines

A
  • Turtles
  • Fossils from Triassic 215-220 mya
  • 300 spp mostly aquatic
  • dorsal carapace and ventral plastron are fused vertebrae, ribs, and dermal bone
  • no teeth
  • anapsid
  • sis to archosaurs
  • all are oviparous (lay eggs)
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5
Q

Lepidosauria: Tuatara

A
  • One remaining species still alive
  • in New Zealand
  • Distinct lineage of lepidosaurs
  • lizard like looks
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6
Q

Lepidosauria: squamata- lizards

A
  • lizards
  • scaled skin–> scales made of keratin from epidermis
  • extremely diverse : terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal, and aerial
  • most w/ 4 limbs, but a lot have reduced limbs
  • glass lizards don’t have limbs
  • most with movable eyelids
  • oviparous and viviparous
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7
Q

Lepidosauria: squamata - snakes

A
  • derived lizards (cretaceous)
  • limbless–> always lack pectoral girdle (HOX) and usually lack pelvic girdle
  • numerous vertebrae (body is extended thorax)
  • heighly kinetic skull
  • no movable eyelids
  • modified salivary gland produce venom in 20% of them
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8
Q

Archosaurs: general info

A
  • crocs, pterosaurs, dinos, birds
  • from late permian/ early triasic

Synapomorphies:

  • teeth set in sockets (mammals adapt this independantly)
  • openings in front of eyes and in front of jaw
  • ridge on femur that permits muscle attachment allowing bipedal motion
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9
Q

Archosauria: crocodilians

A
  • mostly unchanged for 200 my
  • 23 spp widespread (tropical aquatic)
  • top predator
  • elongate, well reinforced skull with massive jaw muscles
  • teeth set in sockets –> same as dinos
  • oviparous
  • closest LIVING relative to birds
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10
Q

Archosauria: dinosauria

A
  • first in triassic 230 mya
  • became dominant terrestrial vertebrates until end of retaceous
  • characterized by limbs held erect beneath body (some bidpedal)
  • endothermic
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11
Q

3 dino gps

A

Saurischia, Ornithischia, Theropoda

Theropod:

  • mostly carivorous
  • all bipedal
  • both avian and non-avian derived lineages included feathered species
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12
Q

Archosauria: birds

  • basic anatomy
  • how many spp
A

10,000 spp

  • forelimbs modified for flight, but not all fly
  • feathers
  • toothless beaks
  • 4 chambered heart
  • uniquely efficient respiratory system
  • semisolid uric acid waste
  • endothermic
  • high metabolism
  • light weight skeleton: hollow bones
  • big brains
  • complex vocalizations and social behavior
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13
Q

Bird origins

A
  • Archaeopteryx = one of earliest and most famous bird-like reptiles (dinos) in fossil record (11 known specimen)
  • late jurrasic 150 mya
  • other bird-like dinos from Jurrassic discovered in China –> many from Cretaceous (raven sized, feathers, teeth, claws, discovered aft origin of species)
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14
Q

Iberomesornis

A

toothed cretaceous bird 125 mya

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15
Q

Confuciusornis

A
  • early unequivocal bird discovered in china
  • cretaceaous 125-140 mya
  • claws on wings
  • first toothless bird with beak
  • feathers definitely enabled powered flight
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16
Q

How many times did flight evolve independantly

A

3 times in vertebrates (birds, bats, pterosaurs), 1 time in invertebrates (insects)

17
Q

Archosauria: Pterosaurs

A

-first vertebrates to evolve powered flight
-very divers
Triassic to cretaceous 228-66 mya
-hollow bones, keeled breastbone, air sacs/ lungs
-extinct at K/T boundary

18
Q

bird phylogeny

A
  • derived theropod dinos
  • over half spp are Order Passeriformes (song birds with altrical chicks)
  • altrical chicks = underdeveloped at hatching, but grow faster than precocial chicks
  • Paleognaths basal = most flightless birds with no direct fossil link to cretaceaous
  • Neognaths= derived –> most spp
19
Q

bird feathers

A
  • keratin structures produced by skin follicles
  • homologous to mammalian hair and reptile scales
  • not unique to birds: nonavian dinos had them too
  • prob used for warmth or male attraction
  • contributed to evolution of flight
20
Q

Bird vocalizations

A
  • among most elaborate in vertebrates
  • sounds from voicebox (syrinx) bt trachea and bronchi
  • species specific
  • mostly learned, not inate
  • long and complex when mating; short and repetitive as warnings
  • some have 100s of calls
  • important in field identification
21
Q

Bird respiratory

A
  • 2 breaths to move air thrue air sac/ lung system
  • uni directional air flow
  • moves accross lungs, not in and out
22
Q

Synapsida: mammals

A
  • synapsid reptiles with long fossil record
  • evolved from mammal-like therapsid reptiles in the triassic (225 mya–> 5 my after dinos)
  • very diverse
  • hair, lactation, homeotherm
  • 4 chambered heart
  • sweat glands
  • big brain
  • lower jaw and a single dentary
  • heterodont
  • bony secondary palate
  • 2 gps: Prototherians (monotremes) and Therians
23
Q

Where are hair, scales, and feathers from?

A
  • embryonic skin placodes
  • single gene
  • CA 320 mya
24
Q

First mammals

A

225 mya late triassic

split into prototherians and therians 166 mya

therians split into marsupials and eutherians 148mya

25
Q

Prototherians

A
  • 5 species in Australia and New Guinea
  • duck-billed platypus and 4 spp of echidnas
  • no placenta, lay eggs, and supply milk
  • don’t have nipples or mammary glands
  • otherwise similar to mammals
26
Q

Therian mammals (in general)

A
  • produce live young without shelled egg
  • 5700 described spp
  • Metatherian mammals (including marsupials) and Eutherian mammals
  • earliest fossils from late jurassic
27
Q

Therians: marsupials

A
  • 300 spp
  • limited yolk-sac –> allantoic placenta in uterus
  • limited gestation; prolonged lactation
  • flexible reproductive investment –> revolving door fertilitly –> double pregnancies

all australian spp came from single south american ancestor

28
Q

Therians: eutheria (placental mammals)

A
  • over 5000 extant eutherian mammal spp
  • prolonged gestation
  • chorioallantoic placenta: made up of the chorion and tissues of the uterine wall
  • most placental mammals belong to rodentia (rodents) or chiroptera (bats)
29
Q

Types of placental mammals

A

Laurasiatheria = bats, cetaceans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, carnivora, moles

Euarchontoglires = rodents, rabbits, treeshrews, colugos, primates

Xenarthra = armadillos, anteaters, sloths

Afrotheria = aardvarks, elephants, sea cows, hyraxes,

30
Q

Primates

A
  • 350 spp
  • first fossils 63 mya
  • earliest were small, arboreal, and insectivorous (similar to present strepsirrhines)
  • explosive radiation of haplorhines 40-45 mya –> represented by new world monkey clade, an old world monkey clade, and apes
31
Q

Primate adaptations to arboreal habitats

A
  • nails, not claws
  • grasping hands and feet
  • stereoscopic vision
32
Q

purgatorius

A

-early mammal that’s ancestral to primates
-rat-sized
63 mya

33
Q

Strepsirhines

A
  • wet nosed primate

- primates, but not monkeys or apes

34
Q

Haplorhine line

A

-tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and apes

New World

  • prehensile tail
  • nostrils open to side
  • all arboreal (spider monkey and capuchins)

Old world

  • tail not prehensile
  • nostrils open down
  • tough seat pad
  • some ground dwelling (baboons, rhesus, macaques, great and lesser apes)

prob split before 55 mya, but aft south america and africa split

35
Q

Hominins

A
  • humans and human ancestors
  • bipedalism
  • evolved from a gp of ground-dwelling arthropoid apes in late miocene (6 mya)
  • include variety of species in several genera
  • Orroris and sahelanthropus (6-7 mya); ardipithecus (def bipedal) (4-5 mya); australopithecus (2-4 mya); homo (2 mya)

Lots of early african diversity –> many went extinct

36
Q

Which came first? Big head, or bipedalism?

A

bipedalism

37
Q

History of anatomically modern homo sapiens

A

-Molecular data: arose in africa 200,000 years ago and migrated to colonize the rest of the Old worls

  • displaced archaic homosapiens (neanderthal) worldwide
  • new world colonization is recent (15,000-20,000 years ago)

mixed and matched with each other –> no cultural purity

38
Q

Primate timeline

A
  • 1st primates (purgatorius) = 63 mya
    -oldest haplorhine fossil = 55 mya
    earliest hominines = 6-7 mya
    earliest species in homo = 2 mya
    homo sapiens = 200,000 ya
39
Q

Described Biodiversity

A
  • estimated 10-100 million spp total
  • just under 2 mil known to science
  • 60,000 named vertebrate (mostly fish; 5,000 mammals; 10,000 birds; prob not many more)
  • 1.2 mil named invertebrates (0.9 mil insects; estimated 3-5 mil)
  • 300,000 land plants (mostly angiosperms; 800 gymnosperms; 1200 lycophytes and 11,000 ferns; 17,000 nonvascular plants; estimated 450,000 total land plants
  • 100,000 fungi (estimated 1.5 mil)
  • 50,000 protists (estimated 75,000)
  • 6000 named prokaryotes (estimated 1-10 mil)

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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