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biodiversity lecture > Animals I > Flashcards

Animals I Flashcards

1
Q

Animal traits

A
  • multicellular
  • chemoheterotrophic
  • internal digestion
  • capable of moving
  • diplontic lifestyles
  • over 1 mil
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2
Q

when and why were earliest multicellular animals possible

A
  • Eucandian (600 mya)

- possible bc of oxygen

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3
Q

Choanoflagellates

A
  • simple, flagellated, collared cells
  • sis to animals
  • sponges have choanoytes which are super similar
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4
Q

Gastrulation significance

A
  • separates sponges (and placazoans) from rest of animals
  • sponges don’t have true tissues and fdon’t do gastrulation
  • eumetazoans go through gastrulation to form diploblastic or triploblastic organisms (2-3 embryonic layers)
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5
Q

General characteristics of animals vs synapomorphies

A

General: multicellularity, oogamy, chemoheterotrophic, internal digestion, movement

Synapomorphies:

  1. Uniques junctions b/t cells (gap, tight, desmosome) for structure and communication (not in all animals)
  2. Extracellular matrix compounds in common (collagen/proteoglycans)
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6
Q

Gastrulation definition

A
  • process of development of an undifferentiaded blastula into embryo with 2-3 tissue layers
  • involved invagination of blastula
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7
Q

Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm

A

Endoderm = innermost layer created during invagination –> gives rise to lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract, pancreas, and liver

Ectoderm = outer germ layer, formed from cells remaining on the outside of the embryo –> gives rise to nervous system, skin, hair, feathers, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, teeth

Mesoderm = middle layer made of cells that migrate between endoderm and ectoderm –> contributes to many organs including heart, blood vessels, muscles, and bones

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8
Q

HOX genes

A
  • Encode for transcription factors that control ant to post dvlpmnt in embryo
  • in all bilatarians
  • there’s homologous genes in Cnidaria and Placazoa, but no true HOX genes in ctenophora or sponges
  • duplication/diversification of these genes led to Cambrian explosion (maybe)
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9
Q

Protostome vs Deuterostome

A

Protostome:

  • spiral, determinate cleavage
  • schizocoeous
  • mouth develops from blastopore

Deuterostome

  • radial, indeterminate cleavage
  • enterocoelous
  • anus develops from blastopore
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10
Q

Who has segmentation?

A
  • arthropods (prot)
  • annelids (prot)
  • chordates (deut)

Prob arose independantly in each

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11
Q

Pros of coelom

A

-isolates internal organs from body wall movements and makes animal more flexible

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12
Q

Coelom types

A

Acoelomates = no true body cavity (flatworms and nemerteas)

Pseuodocoelomates = animals with cavity, but not lined with mesoderm (rotifers and nematodes)

Coelomate = animals with true coelom that dvlps w/in mesoderm and forms a peritoneum

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13
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, neural, muscular

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14
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • sheets of cells that form boundaries with the environment or linings of body compartments
  • good for selective permeability
  • absorptive, protective, secretes stuff
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15
Q

connective tissue

A
  • Dispersed cells in extracellular matrix

- collagen, elastin, fibrillin, CaPo3, plasma

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16
Q

muscle tissue

A

skeletal: regular actin and myosin filaments –> voluntary
cardiac: branching cells interwoven –> heart

smooth muscle: no regular actin/myosin arrangement –> involuntary movements

17
Q

Neural tissue

A
  • neurons and glial cells
  • encode, process and store info from environment
  • control physiology and behavior
  • elec signals with axons
18
Q

Porifera

  • cells
  • HOX
  • What don’t they have
  • where do they live?
  • what types
A
  • choanocytes
  • no HOX
  • no nervous system, true tissue, or symetry
  • all aquatic
  • Demosponges (90%) marine and freshwater
  • Glass sponges–> silica skeletons (marine)
  • Calcarea (CaCO3 skeletons) –> marine
19
Q

Sponges

  • sexuality
  • larva
  • internal skeletons
  • mesoglea
  • how old
A
  • gonochoristic and hermaphroditic
  • ciliated
  • CaCO3 or silica
  • jelly-like b/t epithelial layers –> produce spicules and amoeboid cells that digest filtered food
  • fossils from 580mya, but chem evidence from 635 mya
20
Q

Diploblastic aimals

A
  • cnidaria, ctenophorans, placazoans
  • have mesoglea
  • simple nervous system with nerve nets in cten, cnid, and bilaterians (independantly)
  • HOX like genes in cnid and plac

uncertain phylogeny

21
Q

Ctenophora

A
  • comb jellies
  • marine worldwide
  • basal group, but more complex structurally than sponges
  • no hox genes
  • complete gut
  • 8 rows of cilia-bearing plates
  • Feeding tentacles with sticky mucus to catch prey
  • no nematocytes
22
Q

Placazoans

A

-“flat animals”
-one of the earliest diverging diplblastic animals
-Hox-like genes
-small genome
-4 cell types
-no mouth gut, or nervous system
-adults = big flat things that stick to surfaces
-larvae are pelagic (traveling)
-

23
Q

cnidaria

A

-precambrian to present
-sis to bilataria (together make eumetazoa)
-aquatic-mostly marine
-characterized by nematocytes
HOX-like homologs of bilatarian HOX
-nerve nets
-blind gastrovascular cavity
AMITOCHONDRIA

24
Q

cnidaria types

A 
Anthozoans: anenome and coral
Scyphozoan = purple jelly
Hydrozoan = hydra and obdelia
cubozoan = box and moon jelly
-10,000 species
25
Q

Cnidarian feeding style

A

-predators that use toxin-containing nematocytsts (cnidocysts or cnidae) to capture prey

-nemtocysts = subcellular structures in specialized cells
(ove 30 types: penetrants, adhesives, lasso-like)

26
Q

Cnidarian life cycle

A
  • medusa and polyp phase
  • dif groups are dominated by either phase
  • coral and sea anemones are mainly sessile polyp-forming adults
  • jellies are usually seen in the motile medusa phase
  • obelia is sessile colonial polyp-forming adult with motile sexual phase
27
Q

Hydra

A
  • freshwater hydrozoan –> never exhibits a medusa stage
  • small, predatory, usually sessile, but can move
  • regenerative capacity–> doesn’t age
28
Q

clownfish + sea anemone

A
  • mutualism
  • clown fish protects anemone and anemone doesn’t eat fish
  • fish secretions help anemone not attack
  • fish poop helps anemone
29
Q

corals

A
  • colonial polyps with hard exoskeletons (except Alcyonacea order)
  • can capture prey with stinging cells, but many rely on photosynthetic dinoflagellates inside polyps
  • colonies made of genetically identical polyps that reproduce asexually
  • can also reproduce secually (most hermphroditic; some unisexual)
30
Q

Coral bleaching

A
  • b/c loss of endosymbiotic zooxanthellae, caused by stress
  • continue to live, but growth is slowed
  • increased levels of bleaching thought to be caused by pollution and global climate change
31
Q

Cubozoans

A
  • box jellyfish
  • Chironex fleckeri produces super potent, fast-acting venom that causes pores to form in blood cells, releasing K –> heart contracts and stops quickly

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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