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biodiversity lecture > Plants I > Flashcards

Plants I Flashcards

1
Q

another name for land plants

A

embryophytes

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2
Q

Groups within Plantae

A
  • Glaucophytes
  • red algae
  • green plants
  • streptophytes
  • embryophytes
  • vascular plants
  • seed plants
  • flowering plants
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3
Q

glaucophytes

A
  • just chl a
  • chloroplast with peptidoglycan
  • some with no cell wall
  • some with cellulose
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4
Q

red algae

A
  • chl a
  • phycobilins
  • complex life cycle
  • no flagellated cells
  • cellulose cell wall
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5
Q

green plants

A
  • chl a and b
  • starch
  • includes all green algae and land plants
  • cellulose cell walls
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6
Q

streptophytes

A

plasmodesmata

  • apical growth
  • phragmoplast
  • sporopollenin
  • charophytes and land plants
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7
Q

embryophytes

A

oogamous

  • sporic meiosis
  • land plants
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8
Q

vascular plants

A

vascular tissue

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9
Q

seed plants

A

seeds and pollen grains

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10
Q

flowering plants

A

fowers and double fertiliztion to make endospores

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11
Q

Green algae

  • which chlorophylls?
  • which groups are part of it?
  • degree of diversity
  • what kind of reproduction?
  • what type of gametes?
A

-most aquatic protists with chl a and b
-chlorophytes = not related to land plants (most green algae)
-charophytes = closely related to land plants
VERY diverse
- gametic, sporic, and zygotic meiosis
-oogamous, isogamous, and anisogamous

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12
Q

Chlorophytes

A
  • core group has species that form a phycoplast during cell division
  • system of microtubules parallel to plane of division
  • nuclear envelope persists
  • spindles disappear
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13
Q

Charophytes

A

-advances groups form a phragmoplast during cell division
-a system of microtubules outside the spindle and parallel to plane of division
-nuclear envelope breaks down
-spindles persist
-cell plate is formed
(chara, spirogyra, coleochacte) (land plants have it too)

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14
Q

Chlamydomonas

A
  • chlorophyte
  • haplontic
  • zygotic meiosis
  • isogomy
  • flagellated zoospores can function as asexual propagules or gametes
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15
Q

Volvox

A
  • chlorophyte
  • colonial
  • connected haploid flagellated vegetative cells
  • asexual daughter colonies form from specialized gonidia –> eventually move inside parent colony
  • sexual reproduction occurs when gonidia turn into egg- and sperm-producing structures = zygotic meiosis
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16
Q

ulva

A
  • chlorophyte
  • marine parenchymatous green algae
  • sporic meiosis
  • isogamous
  • alteration of generations

-sporangia in sporophyte produces + OR - spores which grow into + OR - gametophytes

17
Q

Coleochaete

A
  • Charophyte
  • parenchymatous
  • retained egg and zygote which undergoes immediate meiosis after release (zygomatic meiosis)
  • specialized multicellular structures for holding gametes (gametangia)
  • sporopollenin in zygote covering
18
Q

Chara

A 
-charophyte
parenchymatous
-zygotic meiosis
-branching apical growth
-nodes and internodes
-plasmodesmata
-entire covering of egg
19
Q

spyrogyra

A
  • charophyte
  • spiral shaped chloroplast
  • “sexually” reproduces thru conjugation
  • contents of 1 filament goes into the other
  • filaments are haploid
20
Q

What were the earliest plants to diverge from charophytes?

How do we know?

A
  • They were similar to nonvascular plants –> liverworts

- we know bc of DNA sequencing

21
Q

What is the sister to all land plants?

A

liverworts

22
Q

Earliest plants? Earliest vascular plants?

A
  • 470 mya (nonvascular)

- 425 mya

23
Q

Traits of early land plants

A
  • alteration of generation
  • oogamous
  • apical growth
  • motile sperm (carry over from aquatic life cycle)
  • internal conductive tissue (hydroids/leptoids or X/P)
24
Q

Adaptations to terrestrial habitats

A
  • MULTICELLULAR jacket of cells surrounding gametangia and sporangia for protection
  • zygote and embryonic sporophyte protected in maternal tissue
  • spores contain sporopollenin
  • internal vascular system
25
Q

Nonvascular plants

  1. are they monophyletic?
  2. what are the phyla?
  3. What’s their tissue like? any conductive structures
  4. Which is the dominant stage?
  5. any other traits?
A
  1. not monophyletic
  2. hepatophyla = liverworts = most basal
    anthocerophyta = hornwort
    bryophyla = mosses
  3. all parenchymous. Mosses have hydroids and leptoids
  4. Gametophyte is dominant and sporophyte is dependant
  5. some have cuticles or stomates (land plants)
26
Q

Liverworts

  1. why are they called that?
  2. what are the 2 “types”?
  3. Describe the thallus
  4. what do gemma cups do?
  5. any other traits?
A
  1. they look like liver tissue
  2. leafy and thallose
  3. dorsiventrally flattened = dorsal side w/ pores and ventral side w/ rhizoids and scales
  4. asexual reproduction
  5. no cuticle/stomata
27
Q

Marchantia polymorpha

  1. describe its anatomy
  2. describe its distribution
  3. describe its reproductive organs/methods
  4. what’s the placenta?
  5. what are elators?
A
  1. thallose tissue with gemma cups
  2. worldwide
  3. female gametophytes make archegonia on under-surface of archegonial heads on archegoniophores
    ——males do the same with antheridia
    motile sperm fertilizes egg and growing sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte
  4. connection point bt gametophyte and sporophyte where sporophyte gets food
  5. green/blue strands in the sporophyte that absorbs water
28
Q

Moss vasculature

A
  • hydroids and leptoids in both gametophyte and sporophyte
  • hydroids and leptoids function the same as x and p
  • similar genes control vascular dvlpmnt in mosses and vascular plants
  • lignified vscular tissue derived from nonlignified ancestral tissue
29
Q

Moss reproduction

  1. dominant life stage
  2. male and female reproductive structures
  3. asexual reproduction
  4. spores
A

1-dominant gametophyte; sporophyte = non green and short lived

2-male gametophytes make antheridia at apices (motile sperm)
-female gametophytes make archegonia at apices (fertilization takes place at base of archegonia)

3-asexual reproduction by fragmentation (but some have gemmae)

  1. spores germinate to make short-lived protonema that eventually produce buds to form an upright, leafy gametophyte
30
Q

Recent discovery in moss

A

peptidoglycan in chloroplasts of model moss, physcomitrella

31
Q

Polytrichum commune

A

-“hairy cap moss”

32
Q

moss other structures

A

stomata and cuticles only on sporophytes

33
Q

Hornworts

  1. gametophytes
  2. sporophytes
  3. vascular structures
  4. cell structure
  5. example organism
A
  1. looks like thallose liverwort
  2. photosynthetic, but still dependent of gametophyte for water and minerals –> exhibits intermediate growth and can become independent
  3. hint of hydroids/leptoids and stomates/cuticles on sporophytes
  4. big central chloroplasts with pyrenoids (very algal)
  5. anthoceros

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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