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biodiversity lecture > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of eating do fungi do? How has this helped them?

A
  • Absorptive heterotrophy (saprotrophic, mutualistic, or predatory)
  • led to diversity of biochems and interactions with other orgonisms
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2
Q

What sorts of things are fungi found in?

A

yeast, alcohol, feul, drugs –> pennecillium = greenish mold in fruit +cheese –> penecillin

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3
Q

What sorts of diseases are caused by fungi?

A 
Trichophyton rubrum --> athlete's foot
wheat rust
powdery mildew
Candida albicans = yeastinfection/ thrush
snake disease
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4
Q

spotted lanternfly

A

-fungi act as biocontrol agent to keep this pest at bay

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5
Q
  • Fungi life cycle
  • unique anatomical structures
  • unicellular or multicellular?
A
  • most are haploid or dikaryotic (n+n) for most of life with short diploid phase
  • mlticellular ones are filamentous fith hyphae, making masses called mycelium –> organized = mushrooms–> unorganized = molds
  • unicellular ones are yeasts and microsporidians
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6
Q

fungal cells

A
  • glycogen used for carb storage

- cell walls are mainly chitin

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7
Q

fungal history

A
  • earliest one in Cambrian: 544 mya
  • earliest ascomycetes in Silurian: 440 mya
  • earliest chytrids, zygomycetes, and basidiomycetes in Deconian: 400 mya
  • PALEOZOIC RADIATION
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8
Q

fungal phylogeny

A
  • sister to choanoflagellates and animals
  • chytrids were earliest diverging fungal lineage
  • fungi include microsporidians
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9
Q

Two types of hyphae

A

-septate or coenocytic

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10
Q

fungal reproduction

A

Asexual:

  • spores are produced in different ways
  • hyphae can break off parent and grow seperately
  • budding in yeast

Sexual:

  • rare/unknown in some groups
  • sporic meiosis or zygotic meiosis
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11
Q

Naming

A
  • mostly named based off reproductive structures (usually swimming gametes/spores)
  • zygosporangia, basidia, asci
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12
Q

microsporidia

  • size
  • cellularity
  • feeding habits
  • motitlity
  • other fun facts
A
  • among smallest eukaryotic cell (1-40 nm)
  • unicellular fungi with chitin walls
  • obligate intracellular parasites of animals (including humans)
  • no motility
  • no mitochondria –> mitosome
  • complex parasitic life cycle
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13
Q

Microsporidiosis

A
  • infective form of microsporidia
  • resistant, long living spore
  • spore pokes out its polar tubule and infects cell
  • injects infective sporoplasm into host thru the tubule
  • sporoplasm multiplies thru merogony (binary fission) or schizogony (multiple fission)
  • either free in cytoplasm or in parasitophorous vacuole
  • microsporidia develop by sporogony into mature spores
  • during sporogony, thick wall forms around spore, providing resistance to adverse environment conditions
  • spores fill up host cell and then burst it to infect other cells
  • affect a bunch of dif animals and are in GI of ppl (especially if immune compromised)
  • some animals have it naturally and pass it on to ppl
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14
Q

chytrids

  • where?
  • cellularity
  • reproductive structures
  • feeding styles
A
  • usually aquatic (soil, pond, stream)
  • some unicellular; multicellular ones are simple and form coenocytic filaments or rhizoids
  • flagelated gametes (sexual) and zoospores (asexual)
  • some are parasitic on plants/aquatic animals; many are saprophytic
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15
Q

Allomyces

A
  • chytrid
  • alternation of gemerations life cycle with 2 morphologically similar phases: one haploid (gametophyte) and one diploid (sporophyte)
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16
Q

chytridiomycosis

A
  • caused by batachochytrium dendrobatidis
  • non-hyphal chitrid
  • zoospores penetrate skin and form zoosporangia
  • grow in diameter and complexity
  • discharge papillae
  • infected amphibians die w/in 2 weeks
  • cap lost and zoospores escape thru skin
17
Q

zygomycota

  • where?
  • hyphae?
  • lifecycle type?
  • reproduction?
  • examples?
A
  • mainly terrestrial –> some aquatic parasites
  • coenocytic hyphae
  • most of lifecycle is haploid
  • asecual reproduction by spores in sporangia
  • sexual spores are made in zygosporangium
  • Rhizopus = black bread mold
  • Pilobolus = dung fungus
18
Q

rhizopus life cycle

A

(2n) Fertilization
- zygospore

(n) Meiosis
- sporangiophore releases spores
- spores germinate to produce new mycelium
- compatible gametangia meet

(n+n) Plasmogamy
-zygosporangium

(2n) Fertilization

19
Q

Pilobus

A
  • zygomycota
  • sporangial ejection
  • sporangiophores are phototacic–> they detect the direction of light and orient the sprangia toward light (blue light works best)
  • sporangia are shot several m away
  • adaptive significance –> fungi themselves aren’t photosynthetic
20
Q

Glomeromycota

A
  • arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
  • coenoctic hyphae –> asexual spore production –> no known sexual reproduction
  • associate with roots of plants (80-90% of plants have these associations)
  • fungi get fixed carbon and plants get nutrients (esp K)
21
Q

Who does endomycorrhizal stuff and who does ectomycorrhizal stuff?

A
  • glomeromycota does endo

- ascomycota and basidiomycota do ecto

22
Q

Ascomycota hyphae

A

-Hyphae septate with woronin bodies (small spheres with pores)

23
Q

Ascomycota asci

A
  • contain ascospores
  • naked asci is most primitiv
  • derived forms make ascomata (fruiting bodies with asci)
  • cleistothecial (circle)
  • apothecial (unwound circle)
  • perithecial (tear drop with open top)
  • ascolocular (closed tear drop)
24
Q

Ascomycota life cycle

A

ascospores grow into mating structures

  • join to make n+n structure with n hyphae
  • ascoma (fruiting structure) with n+n asci
  • nuclei fuse
  • meiosis happens
  • mitosis happens –> 8 ascospores
25
Q

conidia

A

-Usually ascomycota, but sometimes basidiomycota and zygomycota use it for asexual reproduction

26
Q

Saccharomyces

A
  • single celled fungi
  • replicate thru budding (asexual)
  • replicate through ascospores (sexual)
  • dimorphic
  • bakers yeast
27
Q

Pathogenic ascomycetes

A
  • candida = yeast infection
  • geomyces = white nose syndrome (95% mortality)
  • ophiostoma ulmi and bark beetle = dutch elm disease
  • cryphonectria parasticia = chestnut blight
  • cordyceps = zombies
  • ophiocordyceps sinesis = parasitizes ghost moth larva –> used in medicine
  • trichophyton = human dermatophytes
  • ergot = in wheat rye and if eaten causes hallucinations (from LSD), stomach cramps, and burning limbs –> st anthony’s fire and salem witch
28
Q

mushroom forming ascomycetes

A

morels and truffles

-edible and toxic muschroms look alike

29
Q

basidiomycota (club fungi)

  • phylogeny
  • hyphae
  • forms
  • special structures
A
  • sister to ascomycota
  • prolonged dikaryotic stage
  • septate hyphae
  • conidial, yeast, mushroom, lichen, and mycorrhizal types
  • basidiospores on basidium
  • many produce clamps and dolipore septa –> unique
30
Q

dolipore septum

A

hyphae are septate with pores –> more complex than ascomyota’s

31
Q

clamps

A

maintain dikaryotic condition characteristic in many basidiomycota

32
Q

basidiomycota life cycle

A

fruiting body has n+n parts

  • those parts go thru karyogamy (fuse nuclei)
  • Meiosis –> 4 basidiospores n
  • -germinating basidiospores/primary mycelium
  • plasmogamy (fusing membranes) n+n
  • basidioma
  • basidioma with basidiocarp housing n+n structures
33
Q

basidiomycota plant pathogens

A
  • bracket or shelf fungus = sign of widespread fungal infection –> some kill and then eat
  • rusts and smuts = fungal diseases of plants –> complex life cycles involving plants and insects
  • puccinia = wheat stem rust –> 2 hosts and several spore producing stages –> no clamps or muschrooms
34
Q

hen of the woods

A

used in east asian medicine

35
Q

basidiomycota human and animal pathogens

A

cryptococcus neoformans

  • opportunistic infective agent
  • forms polysaccride sheath in host cells
  • lung infections –> can lead to meningitis and encephalitis
  • common in immunocompromized ppl

Malassezia
-yeast that may be involved in pancreatic tumors

36
Q

lichens

A
  • mutualistic associations between mcobiont (fungi) and photosynthetic organisms (cyanobacteria or green algae)
  • usually asco or basidio
  • soredia = photosynthetic cells wrapped in hyphae that travel thru air to form new lichens
37
Q

overview of fungi

A

• Sister to animals +
choanoflagellates clade

• Characterized by chitin cell
walls

• Basal groups include chytrids
(motile) and microsporidians
(parasitic)

• Zygomycetes coenocytic (like chytrids) and
characterized by production of a zygosporangium

• Glomeromycota similar to zygomycetes; asexual

• Most derived groups are the Dikarya (Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota) characterized by production of
dikaryons, cells that are dikaryotic (n+n) and give rise to
sexual spores

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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