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biodiversity lecture > Animals II > Flashcards

Animals II Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of bilaterians

A
  • Triploblastic
  • All form true HOX genes –> highly conserved (in segmented animals, they control the type of appendages formed in each segment)
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2
Q

Protostome groups

A

Lophotrochozoan = characterized by filter feeding structure- lophophore- and/or cilia-bearing larvae -trochophores (lophophorates not monophyletic)

Ecdysozoans = cuticle covers body and molts periodically for growth

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3
Q

Lophotrochozoan gps

A
  • flatworms
  • rotifers
  • annelids
  • mollusks
  • bryozoans
  • brachiopods
  • phoronids
  • ribbon worm
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4
Q

Arrow worms

  • phylogeny
  • coelom
  • sex
  • feeding
A
  • used to be considered duterostomes (blastopore becomes anus and radial cleavage of zygote)
  • develop coelom like protostomes
  • basal protostome gp, prob sis to lophotrochozoans
  • good model for ancestral bilaterian
  • coelomate, but very simplee with nocirculatory or waste removal systems
  • hermaphroditic
  • marine: plankton predator
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5
Q

Arrow worms

  • phylogeny
  • coelom
  • sex
  • feeding
A
  • used to be considered deuterostomes bc blastopore becomes anus and radial cleavege of zygote
  • develop coelom like protostomes
  • now thought to be basal protostome and prob sis to lophotrochozoans
  • coelomate, but very simple with no circulatory or waste removal systems
  • hermaphroditic
  • marine–> plankton predators
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6
Q

Bryozoans

  • def
  • feed
  • envirion
  • first fossils
A
  • along with entoprocts are colonial sessile animals made of many dif individuals (zooids), some of which secrete tubular housing of chitin, proteis, CaCO3
  • coelomate
  • filter feeders W/ lophophore
  • 4000-4500 species
  • dif from entoprocts in placement of anus –> theirs is outside ring or tentacles, but entoprocts are inside
  • mostly tropical marine, some freshwater
  • fossils f/ ordovician, but soft bodies ones prob b4
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7
Q

Platyhelminthes

  • coelom
  • feeding
  • environ
  • anatomy
A
  • 25,000 species
  • structurally simple –> acoelomate
  • marine, freshwater, terrestrial
  • over 50% parasitic
  • cephalization w/ anterior ganglion
  • true gastrulation absent, but all 3 embryonic tissues present
  • no complete gut –> intestine is a sac simlar to gastrovascular cavity of cnidaria
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8
Q

Platyhelminth gps

A

turbellaria
monogenea
trematoda
cestoda

bottom 3 are only parasitic; each is monophyletic; prob their own monophyletic sis to nonparasitic ones

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9
Q

Turbellaria

A
  • “planaria”
  • mostly free living predators and scavengers (16% of platyhelminth species)
  • part of Acoela (gp that divered b4 bilaterians and are goo at regenerating)
  • even small pieces can regenerate whole animal
  • no senescence
  • under control of specific master control gene regions
  • came back from space two-headed
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10
Q

Bipalium

A
  • land planarians
  • among biggest flatworms (up to 20”)
  • hermaphroditic
  • predators –> eat earthworms
  • Native to Asia, but introduced elsewhere
  • some are important invassive introduced species
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11
Q

Monogenea

A
  • ectoparasites of (mostly) fish (one known from mammal)
  • hermmaphroditic
  • simple life cycles
  • well-developed attachment structures
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12
Q

Trematoda

A
  • flukes
  • obligate parasites
  • most (except schistosomes) are hermaphroditic
  • attach to host with suckers
  • often have separate intermediate and final hosts (gastropod then vertebrate)
  • lots of human parasites
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13
Q

Schistosoma

A
  • trematoda
  • causal agent of schistosomiasis
  • affects 200 mil ppl worldwide –> worst parasitic disease besides malaria
  • causes pain, anemia, dysentery
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14
Q

Clonorchis

A
  • liver fluke
  • third most prevalent worm parasite of humans
  • in japan, china, taiwan
  • infect snails, then fish
  • humans get it from raw fish
  • live in lier for up to 30 yrs
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15
Q

Cestoda

A
  • tapeworms
  • internal parasites
  • vertebrate hosts (can be in ANY vertebrate)
  • complex life cycle with many hosts and larva hosts
  • host specificity variable, but highest in adults
  • scolex with hooks or suckers
  • no digestive system
  • proglottids = reproductive sacs
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16
Q

Diphyllobothrium

A
  • fish tapeworm
  • infects fish and mammals
  • humans come in contact with it by eating raw fish
  • usually symptomless or mild symptoms
17
Q

Cestoda proglottids

A

-fertilization results from outcrossing with other worms, although some proglottids can exchange gametes with each other

18
Q

Rotifers

A
  • microscopic multicellular organisms with complete gut and relatively complex internal anatomy
  • pseudocoelomate
  • ciliated corona “wheel” captures food
  • most are sexual, but bdelloid rotifers have been parthenogenetic for mills of years
19
Q

bdelloid rotifers

A
  • survive stresses by entering dehydrated dormant state –> recover when wet
  • can incorporate foreign DNA (even from food) during recovery
  • suggests a novel form of genetic recombo that substitutes for sexual reproduction (tardigrades do something similar)
20
Q

Ribbon worms (nemertea)

A
  • look like flatworms, but are coelomate with complete gut and closed circulatory system
  • mostly marind; some freshwater and terrestrial
  • predators with specialized probiscus in hollow rhynchocoel that can be extruded to kill or immobilize prey
  • regenerative capacity
21
Q

Brachiopods

A
  • 350 living species; 30,000 extinct
  • extensive fossil record –> f/ cambrian
  • useful in identifying geologic strata
  • filter feeding species with prominent lophophore
  • coelomate
  • dorsal/ventral valves in contrast to R/L valves of mollusk bivalves
22
Q

Annelids

A
  • 16,500 species
  • Classes: Polychaeta (marine; many bristles), Oligochaeta (terrestrial; few bristles); Hirudinae (freshwater; no bristles)
  • coelomate
  • asexual reproduction thru fragmentation or regeneration
  • hermaphroditic or dioecious
  • centralized nervous system and complete digestive system
23
Q

Oligochaeta

A

few bristles
aquatic or terrestrial
earthworms
clitellum = permanent sexual organs

24
Q

polychaeta

A

mostly marine
free living
many bristles
no permanent sex organs

bristle worms, fan worms, bloodworms, beardworms that live at deep sea ocean vents

25
Q

Hirudinea

A 
Mostly freshwater
leeches
-parasitic or predatory or scavengers
-flat with reduced segmentation
-often lack chaetae
-prominent suckers
-secrete anticoagulant- hirudin
26
Q

Other annelid gps

A
  • echiura (spoon worms)
  • sipuncula (peanut worms)
  • both inglude unsegmented, marine detritivores
  • each was considered a separate phylum, but recently added to annelida
27
Q

annelid segmentatio

A
  • specialized subunits = metameres
  • each portion or the coelom is partitioned–> repeat itself
  • greater precision of movement
  • simple mode of size increase
  • arisen several times independantly (in deuterostomes too)
28
Q

Mollusks

A
  • 10,000 species
  • very diverse
  • coelomate
  • great range of aquatic habits; some terrestrial
  • all have foot, visceral mass, and mantle (but dif gps elaborate on these strutures)
  • have chitinous radula (may be reduced)
29
Q

mollusk classes

A

bivalvia
gastropoda
polyplacophora
cephalopoda

30
Q

Bivalva

A
  • 2 halves hinged at mid-dorsal line (R/L)
  • flat shell, reduced head, paired gills
  • most are suspension feeders
  • 9% are hermaphroditic
  • mantle forms siphons
  • marine and freshwater
  • clams oyesters, scallops, mussels
31
Q

Scallop eyes

A
  • up to 200 in fleshy tissue under shell
  • not like camera lens type in cephalopod
  • each has 2 retinas and mirrors that focus image on 1 retina or other
  • mirrors are made of many layers of tiled guanin crystals stacked on each other
  • one retina is sensitice to dimmer light coming in at an angle, and the other captures movement in bright light
32
Q

Gastropoda

A
  • most divers mollusk gp ~85,000
  • TORSION = rotation of visceral mass
  • head with eye stalks
  • shell sometimes reduced or absent
  • foot for locomotion
  • hermaphroditic
  • marine, freshwater, and terrestrial
  • snails, slugs, limpets, nudibranchs
  • mantle is modified lung in terrestrial slugs/snails
33
Q

Gastropod torsion

A

180 degree twisting of visceral mass during embryonic dvlpmnt

  • head and foot stay in place
  • mantle cavity and anus moce to anterior
  • synapomorphy for gastropods
  • unclear if it’s adaptive–> may have helped pull head into mantle cavity
34
Q

jorunna parva

costasiella kuroshimae

A

-marine, shell-less gastropod

leaf sheep ni=udibranch

35
Q

venomous cone snails

A
  • over 50,000 neurotoxic peptides
  • fish-hunting snails -> dangerous to ppl
  • hypodermic-like radula tooth and venom gland
  • conotoxins are used to study ion channel func –> target specific receptors
  • source of novel therapeutic drugs for alzheimers, parkinsons, and epilepsy
36
Q

polyplacophora

A
  • chitons
  • 8 plate hinged shell
  • foot for locomotion, but moves super slow
  • no head
  • radula scrapes algae from rocks
  • marine
  • mostly gonochoristic (seperate sexes)
37
Q

Cephalopoda

A
  • reduced or internal shell
  • closed circulatory system
  • head (modified foot) with grasping tentacles
  • radula may be absent
  • siphon formed from foot allows locomotion thru jet propulsion
  • 800 spp –> all marine predators
  • no hermaphroditism or sex reversal
  • squids, octipi, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses
38
Q

Cephalopod behavior

A
  • active, intelligent with big brains and complex nervous system
  • well-developed sensory organs
  • vision similar to vertebrates –> camera lens eye
  • eyes a good example of convergent evolution
  • remarkable ability to change color, but most are color blind

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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