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biodiversity lecture > Animals IV > Flashcards

Animals IV Flashcards

1
Q

Deuterostome characters

A
  • triploblastic
  • coelomate
  • radial cleavage
  • anus first
  • coelom from mesoderm pouches
  • internal skeleton and segmentation (some)
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2
Q

Deuterostome phylogeny

A

-based on molecular data bc no unigue or derived diagnostic characters

Bilateria ancesteral condition

  • blastopore = anus
  • radial cleavage
  • protostomes are derived

Deuterostomes ancestral condition

  • bilateral symetry
  • segmentation
  • pharyngeal slits
  • chordates still have these
  • echinoderms are derived
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3
Q

Deuterostome gps

A

Ambulacrarians (echinoderms and hemichordates)

Chordates

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4
Q

Hemichordata

A
  • used to be chordate subphylum
  • bilateral symetry in larva and adults
  • acorn worms and pterobranchs
  • acorn worms = solitary marine worm-like anials that live in burrows –> deposit or suspension feeders

-most similar to CA of chordates and rest of deuts

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5
Q

Echinoderm clades

A 
Asteroidea = sea stars
Ophiuroidea = brittle stars
Echinodea = sea urchins
Crinoidea = sea lilies
Holothuroidea = sea cucumbers
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6
Q

Echinoderm characters

A
  • all marine –> no osmoregulation
  • sessile or slow moving adults
  • no pharyngeal slits
  • radially symetrical adults (bilaterally symetrical larvae)
  • most gonochoric, some hermaphroditic
  • some regenerate lost parts and do asexual reproduction
  • dkin covers ENDOSKELETON of calcareous plates
  • water vascular system and tube feet (ancient)
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7
Q

chordata groups

A

Urochordata - marine
Cephalochordata - marine
Vertebrates - marine and terrestrial

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8
Q

chordata history

A

-from cambrian

Pikaia

  • cambrian cephalochordate originally described as polychaete worm
  • segmented with a notochord
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9
Q

chordate characters

A 
notochord
muscular, post anal tail
pharyngeal slits
dorsal nerve cord
endostyle
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10
Q

Urochordata

A
  • tunicates
  • look like fish as larvae
  • sac-like sessile adults
  • filter feeders
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11
Q

Cephalochordates

A
  • lancelets

- burried fish-like things with tentacles that stick out

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12
Q

Vertebrate characters

A
  • anterior skull with big brain
  • rigid endoskeleton (bony or cartilaginous) supported on vertebral colimn (except hagfishes
  • well developed closed circulatory system with heart
  • coelom with suspended organs
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13
Q

endoskeleton

A

allows continuous growth and large size

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14
Q

vertebrate fossil

A

-rare
-oldest one is Haikouichthys
-one of several Cambrian jawless vertebrates from China
530 mya
-dunno if bony or cartilaginous
-distinct head, tail, and gills

might be an older one from 560 mya

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15
Q

conodonts

A
  • tooth like structures in cambrian strata up to jurassic
  • distinctive index fossils
  • now known to be parts of jawless vertebrates
  • made of jydroxylapatite –> same as vertebral bones
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16
Q

Fish HOX genes

A
  • lots of duplication

- probably led to radiation

17
Q

ostracoderms

A
  • jawless fish with boy armor 440 mya

- first fossil fish to be described in 1830s

18
Q

Clystomes

  • skeleton
  • molecular data
  • environment
  • feeding
  • development
A
  • hagfish
  • cartilaginous endoskeleton
  • no complete vertebral column
  • persistant notochord
  • molecular sisters to lampreys
  • incomplete skull with brain (no cerebrum or cerebellum)
  • tooth-lie keratin structures
  • all marine
  • scavengers, predators, and suspension feeders
  • direct dvlpmnt (no larva)
  • makes defensive slime
19
Q

cyclostomes

A
  • lampreys
  • adult is sometimes a fish ectoparasite and larvae are filter feeders
  • complete metamorphasis to adult
  • complete braincase
  • rudimentary vertebral column
  • cartilaginous endoskeleton with horny keratinous teeth
  • molecular sisters of hagfish and together are sis to other vertebrates
20
Q

Jawed fish

A
  • chondrichthyans, ray finned, lobe finned
  • have jaws developeded from first gill arch
  • prob adaptice originally in pumping of water across gills
  • from ordovician and radiated in devonian
21
Q

Placoderms

A

ancient jawed fish

  • teeth are outgrowths of jaw
  • fish and reptilian teeth all same type (homodont) and replacable
  • mammalian teeth heterodont and fixed number
22
Q

Chondrichthyans

A
  • sharks, rays, chimaeras
  • split with bony fish 420 mya
  • mostly marine
  • no lungs or swim bladders
  • internal fertilization
  • live young; no parental care
  • skin covered by placoid scales (homologous to vertebrate teeth) –> cant grow in size but increase in number
23
Q

shark teeth

A
  • also placoid scales
  • continually lost and replaced
  • outward movement of old ones
  • not attached to endoskeleton
  • common as fossils
24
Q

miocene sharks

A
  • great diversity of shark species lived in warm offshore waters of mid atlantic
  • shark teeth common on beaches
  • mos were similar to present sharks
  • Carcharondon megalodon is famous
25
Q

rays

A
  • close relatives of sharks
  • largest number of chondrich species
  • dorsiventrally flattened bodies , enlarged pectoral fins fused to head and ventral gill slits
  • mostly marine and feed on invertebrates close to the sea floor in coastal areas
  • manta rays eat plakton
26
Q

osteichthyan characters

A

-marine and freshwater
CaPO4 in cartilage matrix to form bony skeleton
-fins with rods of cartilage for ray finned
-hearts with two chambers
-most have swim bladders derived from lungs (lungs in basal fish)

27
Q

Actinopterigians

A

ray finned fish

  • most dominant class of vertebrate
  • bony endoskeleton and fins with spines
  • teleost are most diverse
28
Q

sarcopterygians

A

-lobe finned
-coelocanths and lungfish
-latimeria spp =living fossil coelocanth
-fleshy lobed fins
-2 coelocanth spp and Rhipidistia with 6 spp lungfish and tetrapods
-most went extinct at end of permian
lungfish more closely related to tetrapods

29
Q

lungfish

A
  • 6 spp left
  • retain many charateristics of ancient bony fish and sarcopterygian
  • homologous lungs to those of tetrapods –> evolved from pharyngeal air sacs in CA of jawed bony fish –> retained in lobe finned –> swim bladders in ray finned
30
Q

land flora and fauna dates

A 
oldest land plant 470 mya ordic
oldest arthropod 450 mya ordic
oldest land animals 428 mya (silurian)
Tiktaalik = early semi tetrapod 375 dev
seed plants 360 mya
amniotes 340 mya
31
Q

problems with moving to land

A
  • mass and structural support
  • locomotion
  • air breathing
  • feeding (can’t filter)
  • sensory
  • water loss
  • reproduction (first seed plants and amphibians need water to reproduce)
32
Q

Tiktaalik

A
  • discovered 2004 in canada
  • from devonian 375 mya
  • sarcopterygian fish
  • important transition animal
  • limbs intermediate between aquatic fish and terrestrial tetrapods
33
Q

Amphibian characters

A 
-skeleton mostly bony
4 limbs
3 chambered heart (2 atria; 1 ventricle)
gas exchange thru skin
carnivors as adults
both lungs and gills during life
34
Q

Eryops vs modern amphibians

A
  • temnospondyl amphibian from permian 295 mya
  • one of biggest land animals of its time

modern amphibians can be big but most are really small

35
Q

Lissamphibia clades

A

Anura = frogs and toads (most)
Caudata or Urodela = salamander (mid)
Gymnophiona or apoda = caecilians (least)

36
Q

Amphibians water or land?

A
  • not fully adapted to either
  • usually aquatic as larvae and terrestrial as adults
  • gills turn to (inefficient) lungs
  • ectothermic (don’t reg body tmep)
  • some retain larval characteristics into adulthood: e.g. axolotyl remains aquatic with gills
37
Q

anura

A

frogs and toads

  • carnivorous and tailless as adults
  • herbivorous tailed larvae
  • glandular skin is defensive
  • warty frogs called toads
  • larvae = tadpoles with internal gills
  • complex vocalization and breeding behaviors
38
Q

caudata

A
  • salamanders
  • 550 spp
  • from jurassic
  • moist skins; skin glands
  • tailed as larvae and adults
  • capable of regenerating lost limbs
39
Q

Apoda

A
  • Caecilians
  • completely legless
  • nearly blind
  • mostly tropical; live in soils and are seldom seen
  • look like earthworms
  • earliest from Jurassic–> fully developed legs and eyes
  • internal fertilization and development of young inside female
  • remarkable maternal care –> babies eat mom’s skin

biodiversity lecture (13 decks)

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