plants and animal responses qp1 and 3 PMT Flashcards

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1
Q

What part of the brain, if damaged, can result in paralysis of the body below the neck

A

the medulla oblongata

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2
Q

when looking at responses of plants by applying volumes of hormones, what variables must be controlled to produce valid results

A

-same volume of solution should be applied
-plants should be same age/ height/mass/ genotype/ species
-same watering regime
-same light intensity
-same feature of growth medium (pH/ minerals/ ions)

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3
Q

what type of molecule forms ion channels

A

protein

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4
Q

what is the enzyme called that is found in the synaptic cleft

A

acetylcholine esterase

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5
Q

what are the 3 ways to make ATP

A

-anaerobic respiration
-aerobic respiration
-creatine phosphate
*

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6
Q

what is the role of the cerebrum

A

controls:

-conscious thought
-conscious actions
-emotional responses
-intelligence, reasoning, judgement and decision making

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7
Q

what is the role of the cerebral cortex

A

contains: -sensory areas, -association areas, -motor areas.
-sends action potentials to various effectors (muscles and glands)
-motor areas on the left side of the brain control effectors on the right side of the body.
-coordination of muscles involved in walking
-coordination of muscles to bend elbow joint
-conscious decision to contract voluntary muscles

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8
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

-coordination of movement and balance
-receives input from many sensory receptors (e.g. retina, balance organs in inner ear, spindle fibres in the muscles

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9
Q

what is the role of the medulla oblongata

A

-controls non-skeletal muscles
-involved in paralysis
-sends action potentials through autonomic system
-contains 3 centres:
-cardiac centre
-respiratory centre
-vasomotor centre (regulates circulation and blood pressure)

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10
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary complex

A

-controls homeostatic mechanisms
-temperature regulation: detects changes in core body temperature. (mediated by nervous or hormonal system)
-osmoregulation- hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that monitor water potential in the blood. (mediated my hormonal system and pituitary gland)
-produces releasing factors which causes the anterior lobe to produce its own hormones. Responses to stress, growth and lactation

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11
Q

compare the parasympathetic system (P) with the sympathetic system (S)

A

Parasympathetic system

-long preganglionic neurone
-acetylcholine
-rest/ relaxion
-decreases heart rate
-reduces speed/ rate of breathing
- reduces airway diameter
-increases flow to the gut
-sexual arousal
-constricts pupils
-makes liver take up more glucose

Sympathetic system

-short preganglionic neurone
-noradrenaline
-fight/ flight
-increases heart rate
-increases depth of breathing
-increases airway diameter

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12
Q

give two reasons why both plants and animals need to be able to respond to their environment

A

-to avoid (abiotic) stress
-to access resources
-to prevent being eaten

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13
Q

state three differences in the ways in which plants and mammalian hormones operate

A

-hormones in animals travel in the bloodstream while in plants they move in the xylem or phloem

-hormones made in endocrine gland, plant hormones made in many plant tissues

-hormones act on few/specific target tissues in animals vs in plants where they act on most tissues/ act in cells where they are produced

-animal hormones act more rapidly

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14
Q

lack of a growth hormone can cause dwarfism, explain why dwarfism is a genetic condition

A

-its inherited/ passed onto offspring/ passed down from parents
-caused by mutation

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15
Q

describe examples of genes being switched on or being switched off by a molecule that binds directly to DNA.

A
  • A repressor protein changes shape when bound to lactose, it then lifts off the operator region allowing transcription/ gene expression/ binding of RNA polymerase to promotor. Transcription of B-galactosidase/ lactose permease

-homeotic/ homeobox/ hox genes. Transcription factor/gene product/protein binds to DNA, gene product starts transcription. Many genes are affected/ controls body plan

-steroid hormones can diffuse through the cell surface membrane and nuclear membrane, the hormone then binds to DNA and switches genes on and off

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16
Q

how is the nervous system involved in the fight or flight response

A

-sympathetic motor neurones stimulated
-noradrenaline
-neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junction

17
Q

how is the endocrine system involved in the fight or flight response

A

-adrenaline released into blood
-from adrenal glands/ adrenal medulla
-adrenaline/noradrenaline binds to target receptors

18
Q

what is the role of voluntary (skeletal) muscle in fight or flight

A

-breathing/ intercostals contracting/ diagram contracting faster
-more blood flow to skeletal muscles
-skeletal muscles being primed for action

19
Q

state the term used to describe a directional growth response of a plant

A

tropism

20
Q

state the term used to describe a signalling molecule that enables plants to respond to environmental change

A

plant hormone/growth substance

21
Q

state the term used to describe a plant that loses its leaves seasonally

A

deciduous

22
Q

state the term used to describe the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonium compounds in the soil

A

nitrogen fixation

23
Q

explain why one individual can only have two of the different alleles of a gene

A

-humans are diploid (2n). Chromosomes are in pairs/ homologous. One copy/ gene/ allele from each chromosome pair

24
Q

what technique would reveal the differences in the lengths of a gene

A

electrophoresis

25
Q

what does electrophoresis do

A

electrophoresis separates nucleic acid fragments or proteins

26
Q

explain how a good allele could become common in a population

A

-natural selection
-selective advantage
-allele increases survival by providing food or find new resources or mate
-allele passed onto next generation
-allele increased in frequency over time

27
Q

when testing plant hormones on plants, why is it important to keep temperature constant

A

-so temperature doesn’t affect results
-so only desirable variables are changed
-temperature affects enzyme activity
-suitable/optimum temperature for lettuce germination

28
Q

when testing hormones on plants, what needs to be kept constant other than temp

A

-length of time experiment set for
-volume of liquid
-genotype of seeds

29
Q

state some commercial uses of plant hormones

A

-seedless fruits
-weed killers
-rooting powder
-control fruit ripening
-controls fruit drop
-restrict hedge growth
-preserve cut flowers
-producing malt in brewing