cloning and biotechnology cgp Flashcards
outline how someone could use the stem of a plant to carry out vegetative propagation
use a scalpel/ sharp secateurs to take cuttings from the stem of a plant between nodes.
Remove the leaves from the lower end of the cutting, leaving just one at the tip.
-dip the lower end of the cutting in rooting powder, which contains hormones which induce root formation. Plant the cutting in a suitable medium
-grow the cutting in a warm, moist environment until roots have formed and the plant can be grown elsewhere
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what are the advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture
+not a lot of space is required for tissue culture
+tissue culture can produce many plants as many cuttings can be taken from one parent plant
- tissue culture is expensive , specialist equipment is required
-tissue culture is complicated and requires more training
-tissue culture is less suitable for small scale production
-contamination of the tissue cultures with microorganisms could lead to complete loss of the plants being cultured
on some agar plates, there may be too many colonies to count, what technique could overcome this problem
by making serial dilutions of the broth then placing them on the agar
what is the advantages of using microorganisms in industry
-microorganisms can be grown on a range of inexpensive materials so they are economical to use
-microorganisms have a short life cycle so can be grown rapidly and the enzymes made quickly
-microorganisms can be grown at anytime of the year so their use isnt restricted
-growth conditions are easy to create meaning that large numbers of microorganisms can be grown easily
what are adaptations of a fermenter to ensure that maximum yield is obtained
-sterile air is pumped into the vessel ensuring that the microorganism always has oxygen for respiration
-paddlers stir the medium so that nutrients are adequately circulated to all microorganisms
-the vessel has a water jacket so that the temperature can be kept at optimum levels for the microorganisms enzymes to work efficiently
a pH probe is present to ensure the pH is at the optimum level
state all 4 steps of batch fermentation
-lag phase: the microorganisms have to make enzymes and other molecules before they can reproduce
-log phase: pop size increases quickly because conditions are at their most favourable for reproduction
-stationary- no longer enough food and poisonous waste products start to build up
-decline- population size decreases due to toxic waste build up and scarcity of nutrients
