Plants Flashcards
What are the 5 characteristics common to all plants?
- Multicellular
- Eukaryotes
- Photosynthetic autotrophs (they get their energy from the sun and inorganic compounds)
- they store their energy as starch
- alternating multicellular life cycle btw haploid (n) and diploid (2n)
Name the four Phyla in plants.
- Bryophytes
- seedless vascular plants
- gymnosperms
- angiosperms (flowering plants )
What covers all plants? Purpose?
Waxy cuticles situated above ground. They protect and prevent gas exchange.
What system did plants developed to allow gas exchange?
Due to the waxy cuticles, gas exchange are limited. Stomata (holes/openings) controlled by guard cells cover all the plant’s surface which allows gas exchange and decreases water loss.
Give two similarities between algues and plants.
- chlorophyll
2. cell walls
Describe the ploidy of bryophytes.
the are haploid plants with a diploid reproductive structure
What are mosses, liverworts, hornworts?
Bryophytes
What are bryophytes’ features?
- waxy cuticle
- stomata
- guard cells
- alternation of generation
- all characteristics common to all cells
Describe the ploidy of seedless vascular plants.
The diploid plants produces spores and the smaller haploid plants produces gametes
What are spores?
Spores are cells in the process of fertilization.
Give examples of seedless vascular plants.
Equisetum, ferns
What more then bryophytes do seedless vascular plants have?
Vascular tissues
What are the two components of vascular tissues?
Ploem and xylem
What is the function of phloem?
It conducts the products of photosynthesis
What is the function of xylem?
It conducts water and minerals.
What does xylem contains? What is its function?
Lignin, a material present in cell walls that provides support and strenghtens the cells therefore the plant itself
What happens with xylem when it is dead?
It is woody tissue.
What is th eploidy of gymnosperm?
The diploid plant produces spores and the haploid reproductive structres produces gametes.
Give examples of gymnosperms.
Conifers, cycads, ginko and gnetophyte
WHat feature do gymnosperms have?
All plants, bryophytes, seedless vascular + pollen as male reproductive organ and seeds for embryo
What is pollen?
It is milticellular , haploid male reproductive organ. It produces sperm cells
What are seeds composed of?
The embryo ( babay plant) The endosperm (food reserve for the embryo) A seed coat that protects the embryo
What are flowering plants called?
They are angiosperms
What are the features of angiosperms?
It has the features from all other plants +fruits (flowers)
What are fruits?
They develop from flowers’ ovary. They all contain seeds to which they provide protection.
What kind of fertilization do the angiosperms undergo?
It is a douvle fertilization.
Which organs are taking part in the fertilization of angiosperms?
the pollen and the stigma. Both organs have to be compatible for the ferti. to continue.
What are the steps of fertilization in angiosperms?
- If pollen and stigma are compatible, a pollen tube grows toward the ovule.
- 2 haploid sperm cells and released via mitosis of the cell in pollen.
- One sperm fuses with the egg, the second fuses with t2 nuclei of the central cells.
What are the products of the ferti. in angio. ?
zygote (2n) - will become the embryo
3n - endosperm
How does the endosperm develops itself after ferti.?
multiple nuclear divisions that forms a multinucleate cell (mitosis) cytokinesis divides (lately) the nuclei into individual cells
What does the embryo establishes?
Polarity (apical-basal pattern)
Radial pattern of tissues
Primary meristems
How is the embryo devided?
1rst division : devides the embryo into basal and apical pattern
How does the apical part of the embro develops?
It develops into shoots, where the leaves are
How does the basal part of the embro develops?
It develops into roots that are specialized structure in the transfer of water and nutrients to the embryo.
What are the primary tissues of the embryo?
epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue
In what order are the primary tissues found, from exterior to interior?
epidermis - ground tiddue - vascular bundle - ground tissue.
When are primary meristems established?
During the heart and the tornedo stage.
What are meristem?
They are the cell that maintain the embryonic states, that retain the embryonic characteristics.
What does the meristem?
It is capable of producins specific tissues and organs.
It regenerates itself.
What are the 3 primary meristem?
Procambium
Shoot apical meristem
Root apical meristem
What are procambium?
They are futur vasular tissue
What are SAM?
they are future stems and leaves (shoots)
What are RAM?
future roots
What happens to the embryo when it reaches maturity?
Seed development stops and the embryo goes into dormancy or desiccation
What is the task of the seed coat?
It provides protection for the embryo and the endosperm.
