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General Biology II > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

1
Q

cellular respiration?

A

haversting ATP from food

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2
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

movement, anabolism/biosynthesis adn active transport

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3
Q

6 parts of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. fermentation
  3. pyruvate oxidation
  4. CItric Acid Cycle
  5. Electron transport system
  6. Chemiosmosis
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4
Q

glycolysis?

A

anaerobic reaction where glucose is transformed into 2 pyrubvates with the help of 2ADP and 2NAD+

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5
Q

reactants of glycolysis?

A

gluscose, 2ADP+2Pi + 2NAD+

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6
Q

products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvates, 2NADH, 2 ATP , 2 H2O

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7
Q

How many enzymes are required during glycolysis?

A

10 different enzymes

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8
Q

what is broken down in glycolysis? description

A

glucose (C6H12O6), monosaccharide carbohydrate

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9
Q

what are the source of glucose?

A

food and from broken down glycogen

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10
Q

How does food provide glucose for glycolysis? (frmo digestive system to all other cells with transport)

A

food is broken down in the small intestine, than the glucose is transfer from digestive system to epithelial cells via NA+-glucose co-transport (symport) and then spread into all other cells via facilated diffusion

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11
Q

What is the purpose of insuline? What are the exceptions?

A

Insuline controls the movement of glucose through the cells it is required in every cells EXCEPT in brain and liver and while exercising.

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12
Q

Why are there exception to the requirement of insuline for the movement of glucose?

A

the brain does not need insuline because it does need any permission to take glucose since it always needs it. The liver reeives all nutrients so it can take as much glucose as it wants and while exercising your body needs a lot of glucose so it does ask for permission to insuline to take some glucose and tranform it into ATP.

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13
Q

What is glycogen?

A

it is a storage form a glucose so that the amount of glucose do not get low in the blood.

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14
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

in the liver and in the muscle cells.

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15
Q

When is glycogen release int he blood?

A

when the repsonse of glycose is low in the blood, an hormone called glucagon is relesased in alpha cells in the pancreas.
GLucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver so more glucose can be released in the blood.

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16
Q

From where are glucagon hormones released?

A

from alpha-cells in pancreas

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17
Q

What does the glucogan stimulates one it is released from the pancreas?

A

It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

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18
Q

What does insuline do mechanically?

A

When it perceived an increase level of glucose in the blood, insulin (hormone) is released from bet-cells in pancreas. It then binds to many cells and causes the insertion of glucose transporters allowing the increase in glucose uptake.

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19
Q

From where are insuline hormones released?

A

from beta-cells in pancreas

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20
Q

What does insuline do once it is released form the pancreas?

A

It binds to receptors on many cells allowing the uptake of glucose.

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21
Q

What happens if glycogan is not present in the liver?

A

the glycogen is not brokendown

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22
Q

GLycogen is broken down into what molecules? How many steps ? How many enzymes?

A

GLycogen –> glucose-1-phosphate glucose-6-phosphate

2 steps, 2 enzymes

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23
Q

What happens to glucogen in the muscle cells?

A

G6P will enter glycolysis

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24
Q

What happens to glucogen in the liver cells?

A

G6P will be converted into glucose and glucose will be transported into blood that will tranport in into other cells

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25
Q

What are the 5 types of enzyme?

A
  1. kinase
  2. isomerase
  3. dehydrogenase
  4. mutase
  5. enolase
26
Q

kinase?

A

involve in the transfer of phosphate between ATP and another molecule

27
Q

isomerase?

A

changes molecule’s conformation

28
Q

dehydrogenase6

A

removes an hydrogen (or add)

29
Q

mutase?

A

transfer functionnal group from one position to another position within the same molecules

30
Q

enolase?

A

remove (or add) water

31
Q

What are the required elements for glycolysis?

A

ATP, NAD+, ADP+Pi, glucose, enzyme

32
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A

ADP+Pi, ATP’ H2O, 2NADH, 2Pyruvates

33
Q

How is the energy extracted from fglycolysis distributed?

A

a small part is converted into energy and the rest is dissipated as heat

34
Q

Fermentation?

A

anaerobic fate of pyruvate. occurs when products of glycolysis accumulate (pyruvate and NADH)

35
Q

What are the 2 fermentation?

A

lactic acid fermentation

alcohol fermentation

36
Q

lactic acid reaction mechanism?

A

pyruvate –>lactic acid
NADH –> NAD+
lactase dehydrogenase removes H from NADH and gives it to pyruvates

37
Q

WHEN DOES LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION OCCURS?

A

WHEN there is an excess of pyruvate and NADH and not enough O2

38
Q

Where does lactic acid fermentation occurs?

A
  1. lactic acid bacteria (cheese making)
  2. some yeast
  3. in animal living in deep ocean
  4. in plants that are flooded
  5. in muscle during energy burst (or when working very hard, under stress)
39
Q

advantages of lactic acid?

A

regenerates NAD+ needed in glycolysis to continue (RECYCLING)
provides ATP 2.5Mmin

40
Q

disadvantages of lactic acid?

A

short term due to decrease in pH inhibiting enzyme activity –> system shots down
creates oxygen depts (why you breath heavily after sprint)

41
Q

What is lactic converted into?

A

lactic acid –> pyruvates –> glucose (requires O2) OR –> use to make ATP

42
Q

Where does the glucose that comes from lactic acid transformation go to?

A
  1. returned in the muscle cells
  2. converted into glycogen
  3. stored
43
Q

How many reactions in alcohol reaction?

44
Q

what are the reactions of alcohol fermentation?

A
  1. pyruvate + H2O –> acetaldehyse + CO2
  2. acetaldehyse –> ethanol
    (same time) NADH –> NAD+
45
Q

What are te two enzymes responsible for the alcohol fermentation?

A
  1. pyruvate decarboxylase

2. alcohol deydrogenase

46
Q

What are the end product of alcohol fermentation?

A

CO2 and ethanol

47
Q

Where/when does alcohol fermantation occurs?

A
  1. yeast
  2. some bacteria
  3. plants root when flooded
  4. VERY VERY VERY rare in animals
48
Q

Advantages of alcohol fermentation?

A
  1. regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis

2. provides ATP

49
Q

Disadvantages of alcohol fermentation?

A

ethanol is toxic

50
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occurs?

A

in mitochondria

51
Q

What are the 3 steps of pyruvate oxidation?

A
  1. decarboxylation
  2. oxidation
  3. conjugation to CoA
52
Q

Describe a mitochondria (membranes)

A

matrix; inner membrane; intermembrane space; outer membrane

53
Q

What happens during the decarboxylation in pyruvate oxidation?

A

a CO2 is created, hence the molecule loses a C

54
Q

What happens during oxidation in pyruvate oxidation?

A

A NAD+ takes a H to the remaining molecule and forms a NADH

55
Q

What happens durng conjugation to CoA in pyruvate oxi. ?

A

A Coa is added.

56
Q

What are the product of pyruvate oxidation?

A

CO2, NADH and acetyl CoA

57
Q

Where occurs CItric acid cycle?

A

in mitochondrial matrix

58
Q

What happens during CAC?

A

acetyl-Coa is oxidized to CO2.

59
Q

What happened to the 6C in glucose?

A

2 Pyruvates each tranformed 1C into CO2, 2 acetyl CoA transformed 2C each into 2CO2, 4CO2 in total

60
Q

What are the products of CAC?

A

2 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

General Biology II (10 decks)

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