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General Biology II > Gigestive system > Flashcards

Gigestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name in order the gastrointestinal organs by which food progresses in our body

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagys, stomach, small intestins, large intestins

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2
Q

What does the mouth do to food?

A

in gronds it and mixes it with salive

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3
Q

What kind of digestion in chewing?

A

Mechanical digestion

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4
Q

What does saliva?

A

solubilize food, he;ps digest carbohydrates and inhibit bacterial growth

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5
Q

From where comes saliva?

A

It is released from salivary glands when the nervous system receives a signal.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism that makes the glands produce salive?

A

The chewing mechanism and the chemoreceptors in mouth that detects food, espacially acid and unami tastes.

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7
Q

What contains saliva and what are their purpose?

A
  1. Water (99%) : solubilizes food and is required for tasting
  2. Salivary amylase (enzyme) : digest´/break down carbohydrates into oligosaccarides (2 to 10 glucose)
  3. lysozyme : inhibits bacterial growths
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8
Q

What are the steps through which food undergoes in th e mouth?

A

mastikated, mixed with saliva and moved an propelled by tongue into the pharynx and esophagus.

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9
Q

What puropose does the tongue have?

A

it movesand repositions food into a bolus and forces the bolus into the pharynx which initiates the swallowing

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10
Q

Why is it important that the tongue shapes food as a bolus?

A

Because the round shape can pass more easily through the tubes.

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11
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

propelling bolus to the stomach

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12
Q

How does the propelsion works in the pharynx?

A

it uses peristaltic contractions.

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13
Q

What are peristaltic contractions?

A

longitudinal and circular smooth muscles that contract.

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14
Q

What are the tissue layers of the GI tract organs with their kind (from outside to inside)?

A

Adventitia : connective tissu
Muscularia extrema :Smooth muscle contracts & allows movement
Submucosa: connective tissu
Mucosa : epithelium that makes and secretes the mucus

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15
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

It mixes the bolus, it secretes (mucus, HCl, pepsins, gastric lipase) and absorbs

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16
Q

How does the stomach mixes the bolus?

A

With peristaltic waves/contractions (mechanical break down)

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17
Q

What are the effect of peristaltic waves on the bolus?

A

The blouse becomes chyme and access the small intestin slowly

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18
Q

What phenomenom occurs when the bolus in mechanicaly brokendown?

A

the fat emlsifies and forms lipid droplets at the upper portion of the stomach.

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19
Q

What secretions come from the stomach?

A

mucus, HCl, pepsin and gastric lipase

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20
Q

What are the functions of mucus?

A

lubricates and protects stomach acid and digestive enzymes

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21
Q

What are the functions of HCl?

A

It solubilizes food particles, kills microbes&bacterias, and denatures proteins and break down cell walls and connective tissues

22
Q

How is HCl synthetized?

A

the H and CL are secreted seperatly from parietal cells

23
Q

What is the role of pepsins?

A

It is a protein digesting enzyme and breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

24
Q

Whare do pepsins come from?

A

Chief cells

25
Q

What are the functions of gastric lipase?

A

it breaks down lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides.

26
Q

Where can one find gastric lipase?

A

pancreas (majority)

stomach (very small amount)

27
Q

What can the mucosa of the stomach absorb?

A

alcohol, aspirin and some drugs

28
Q

How is called the mecahnical break down of particle in the small intestin? Of what does it consist?

A

Segmentation mixes chyme with digestive juices.

29
Q

Which liquid does the small intestin use to digest?

A

it uses digestive juices produced by the pancreas, liver and gall bladder

30
Q

What is the link between the liver and the gall bladder?

A

Both have a role in formation and storage of the bile. The liver produces it and the bladder concentrates and stores is. It is then released in small quantities into the small intestine.

31
Q

What is the bile?

A

Bile is a suffractant which means that it emulsify the oil in order for it to mix with water. The fat is not broken down, only mixed.

32
Q

What does the pancreas releases in the samle intestine? (5)

A
  1. pancreatic amylase
  2. trypsin and chymotrypsin
  3. pancreatic lipases
  4. bicarbonate
  5. water
33
Q

What is the role of pancreatic amylase?

A

It breaks down carbohydrates in the small intestine.

34
Q

What is the role of trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

The two chemicals break down polypeptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine

35
Q

What is the role of pancreatic lipases?

A

It breaks down fats into fatty acids in the smalll intestine.

36
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate?

A

It neutralizes the stomach acid in the small intestine. It is one of the reason why the stomach empties slowly

37
Q

What is the role of water in the small intestine?

A

It moves food around more easily.

38
Q

What does the small intestine releases itself? (4)

A
  1. peptidase
  2. dextrinase and other enzymw
  3. mucus
  4. water
39
Q

What is the role of peptidases?

A

They are enzymes that break down small peptides to amino acids (or di, tripeptides)

40
Q

What is the role of dextrinase?

A

breaks down small carbohydrates into monosaccharides.

41
Q

How long does food stays in the small intestine?

A

About 3 to 6 hours.

42
Q

What allows a good absorbance of the nutrients?

A

The high surface area amplified by all these folding.

43
Q

In order from the biggest to the smallest, how are called the folding of the small intestine’s interior?

A

circular folds > villi >microvilli

44
Q

What can be absorbed by the small intestine?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. amino acids (or di-tri-peptides)
  3. fatty acids
  4. nucleic acids
  5. vitamins
  6. electrolytes / ions
  7. water (in very big amount)
45
Q

What is the other name for large intestine?

A

Colon

46
Q

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

A

To move the waist out of the body by propulsion.

47
Q

Is there digestion in the large intestine?

A

Yes, but the digestion is made by living bacterias that digest the residues and send chemical signals about their likings.

48
Q

What is absorbed by the large intestine?

A
  1. water in small amount
  2. electrolytes
  3. vitamins produced by bacteria in gut
49
Q

Which organ is responsible for the defecation?

A

The large intestine

50
Q

What is the composition of what is defecated?

A

the left-overs and bacteria (dead or alive)

51
Q

Which organs (and enzymes) break down the sugars in order from the mouth to the large intestins?

A
  1. Mouth - saliva from salivery gland - salivery amylase
  2. small intestine (released by pancreas) - pancreatic amylase
  3. small intestine - dextrinase

General Biology II (10 decks)

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