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General Biology II > Animals > Flashcards

Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 6 characteristics common to all animals.

A
  1. Multicellular
  2. eukaryotes
  3. motile at a certain point in their life
  4. chemoheterotrophs
  5. store carbohydrates as glycogen
  6. have no cell walls
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2
Q

What is a chemoheterotroph?

A

it uses organic compound as their energy source

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3
Q

What are the main differences between plants and animals?

A
  1. plants : autotrophs
    animals : chemoheterotrophes
  2. plants store carbohydrates as starch and animals aas glycogen
  3. animals avec no cell walls and plant s have cellulose
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4
Q

What is the probable ancestor of animals?

A

probably evolved from protozoans/protist colonies in water ( so older than plants)

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5
Q

What are the four categories which are used to differentiate vertebrates from other animals?

A

tissues, bilateral symmetry, body cavity and digestive track

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6
Q

What are tissues?

A

groupe of interacting SPECIALIZED cells with similar fcts.

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7
Q

What are the 4 primary tissues in humans?

A

epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle

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8
Q

epithelium?

A

tissue that covers the inner and outer surface of all organs

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9
Q

Function of the connective tissue with example of each?

A

Provide support(bones), protect(fat celles) and bind other tissue together (blood, collagen, elastin)

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10
Q

In which animal group are there no tissues?

A

Porifera (sponges)

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11
Q

what are the types of muscle?

A

Smooth : all organs
Cardiac
Skeletal : attaches bones and create movement

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12
Q

What are the different names of bilateral symmetry?

A

top and bottom
- superior (cranial) inferior (caudal) in human
- Dorsal and ventral (other vertebrates)
Front and Back
- anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) in humans
- head and tail in other vertebrates

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13
Q

In which animal group are bilateral symmetry not present?

A

Porifera (sponges) and Radiata (which have a radial symmetry and top&bottom symmetry) ex. jelly fish

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14
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

It is a fluid-filled space where organs are floating. It provides space for organs visceral (deep) organs to grow ex : respiratory system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, urinary and reproductive system.

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15
Q

When does the body cavity starts developing?

A

It develops early in the embryo as the coelom which is a space where there are no tissues and that will be later filled with visceral organs.

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16
Q

In what parts is the body cavity divided at adulthood in a human body?

A

Thoracic cavity : area above diaphragm (hearth and pulmonary system)
Abdominopelvic cavity : area below diaphragm (intestins)

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17
Q

Which animal group has no body cavity?

A

Porifera (sponges), Radiata ( jelly fish) and Platyhelminths (flatworms).

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18
Q

What are the advantages to having a body cavity?

A
  1. It gives space for more organs = augments the complexity of the animal
  2. place for a longer digestive track = the animal can extract more nutrients out of his food
  3. it can store egg&sperm = the animal can wait to have a better environment to fertilize which leads to a higher fitness of the animal
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19
Q

Name the tissue arrangement of Acoelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface.

A

ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm - gut

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Acoelomate?

A

They have not body cavity and an incomplet digestive system.

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21
Q

Name the tissue arrangement of Pseudocoelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface

A

Ectoderm - mesoderm - pseudocoelom - endoderm - gut

22
Q

Name the tissue arrangement of Coelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface

A

ectoderm - mesoderm - coelom - mesoderm - endoderm - gut

23
Q

What are the tree tissues in animal embryos?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

24
Q

Which animal group are part of the Coelomate?

A

Mollusca, Annelids, Arthropods. Eechinodermata, Chordata

25
Q

Which animal group are part of the Acoelomate?

A

Platyhelminths

26
Q

What other name is there for digestive tracts?

A

Gastrointestinal GI tract

27
Q

What is specific about digestive tracts?

A

It has two openings : mouth and anus.

28
Q

In what consist the GI tract in human??

A

Mouth - pharynx - oesophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine - anus

29
Q

What is specific to Pseudocoelomate?

A

They have only one layer of muscle, hence they most move in order to digest their food because there are no natural contractions like in Coelomate.

30
Q

Which animal groups are Pseudocoelomate?

A

Nematoda and Roteifera

31
Q

What muscle are along the GI tract and what are their functions?

A

The smooth muscles functions are there to mix and move the food in the right direction in the digestive tube.

32
Q

What are the basic functions of the GI tract?

A

Ingest (eat), digest (breakdown molecules with enzymes and chemicals present in the body), absorb (nutrient, vitamins, minerals and water) and defecate (waste)

33
Q

Which animal groups have a single opening for digestion?

A

Radiata and platyhelminths.

34
Q

What is the function of the double mesoderm layers around the coelom in Coelomates?

A

The muscles allow an independant movement of food from the movement of the animal.

35
Q

What are the advantages of longer digestive tracts?

A

The food remains longer in the body so the most nutrients and other things can be extract from it.

36
Q

What are the advantages of jointed appendages?

A

they increase flexibility and efficiency of movements which are practicle for everyday life. There are more options of movement (front back left right rotation jump…)

37
Q

What is the role of endoskeleton and by what is it controlled?

A

The endoskeleton is the bones and muscles. They allow movement. It is controlled by the nervous system.

38
Q

Which group of animal has no nervous system?

A

Porifera have only a neural net.

39
Q

What animal group, except humans, have jointed appendages?

A

Arthropods (mollusk) with muscles attached to the outer shell (exoskeleton)

40
Q

Name the four steps of the embryo development in humans.

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
41
Q

What is the oocyte?

A

It is the cell that can devide to create ovum but is not one yet

42
Q

What are the steps of fertilization?

A
  1. oocyte engulfs (kind of jail) sperm
  2. oocyte complete miosis II
  3. the nuclei of both the oocyte and the sperm fuse to create the zygote.
43
Q

What is the cleavage?

A

Repetition of cell division within a specific size determined by the zona (which blocks the zygote from growing bigger and protects it from immune system). It forms a hollow ball (BLASTULA).

44
Q

What are the components of a blastula or blastocyst (if mammal)?

A

Cell = blastomere

Fluid filled cavity = blastocoel.

45
Q

In what consists the gastrulation?

A

It is the rearrangement of the blastula to create the 3 layer germ layers. The blastula closes on itself.

46
Q

In organogenesis, what organs are formed from ectoderm?

A

Nervous system, skin

47
Q

In organogenesis, what organs are formed from edoderm?

A

Digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system,

48
Q

In organogenesis, what organs are formed from mesoderm?

A

Muscles, skeletal

49
Q

What is the phyla of humans?

A

Chordota

50
Q

What is the phyla of sponges?

A

Porifera

51
Q

What is the phyla of Jelly fish like animals?

A

Radiata

General Biology II (10 decks)

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