Animals Flashcards
Name 6 characteristics common to all animals.
- Multicellular
- eukaryotes
- motile at a certain point in their life
- chemoheterotrophs
- store carbohydrates as glycogen
- have no cell walls
What is a chemoheterotroph?
it uses organic compound as their energy source
What are the main differences between plants and animals?
- plants : autotrophs
animals : chemoheterotrophes - plants store carbohydrates as starch and animals aas glycogen
- animals avec no cell walls and plant s have cellulose
What is the probable ancestor of animals?
probably evolved from protozoans/protist colonies in water ( so older than plants)
What are the four categories which are used to differentiate vertebrates from other animals?
tissues, bilateral symmetry, body cavity and digestive track
What are tissues?
groupe of interacting SPECIALIZED cells with similar fcts.
What are the 4 primary tissues in humans?
epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle
epithelium?
tissue that covers the inner and outer surface of all organs
Function of the connective tissue with example of each?
Provide support(bones), protect(fat celles) and bind other tissue together (blood, collagen, elastin)
In which animal group are there no tissues?
Porifera (sponges)
what are the types of muscle?
Smooth : all organs
Cardiac
Skeletal : attaches bones and create movement
What are the different names of bilateral symmetry?
top and bottom
- superior (cranial) inferior (caudal) in human
- Dorsal and ventral (other vertebrates)
Front and Back
- anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) in humans
- head and tail in other vertebrates
In which animal group are bilateral symmetry not present?
Porifera (sponges) and Radiata (which have a radial symmetry and top&bottom symmetry) ex. jelly fish
What is a body cavity?
It is a fluid-filled space where organs are floating. It provides space for organs visceral (deep) organs to grow ex : respiratory system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, urinary and reproductive system.
When does the body cavity starts developing?
It develops early in the embryo as the coelom which is a space where there are no tissues and that will be later filled with visceral organs.
In what parts is the body cavity divided at adulthood in a human body?
Thoracic cavity : area above diaphragm (hearth and pulmonary system)
Abdominopelvic cavity : area below diaphragm (intestins)
Which animal group has no body cavity?
Porifera (sponges), Radiata ( jelly fish) and Platyhelminths (flatworms).
What are the advantages to having a body cavity?
- It gives space for more organs = augments the complexity of the animal
- place for a longer digestive track = the animal can extract more nutrients out of his food
- it can store egg&sperm = the animal can wait to have a better environment to fertilize which leads to a higher fitness of the animal
Name the tissue arrangement of Acoelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface.
ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm - gut
What are the characteristics of Acoelomate?
They have not body cavity and an incomplet digestive system.
Name the tissue arrangement of Pseudocoelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface
Ectoderm - mesoderm - pseudocoelom - endoderm - gut
Name the tissue arrangement of Coelomate in embryos from outer surface to inner surface
ectoderm - mesoderm - coelom - mesoderm - endoderm - gut
What are the tree tissues in animal embryos?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Which animal group are part of the Coelomate?
Mollusca, Annelids, Arthropods. Eechinodermata, Chordata
Which animal group are part of the Acoelomate?
Platyhelminths
What other name is there for digestive tracts?
Gastrointestinal GI tract
What is specific about digestive tracts?
It has two openings : mouth and anus.
In what consist the GI tract in human??
Mouth - pharynx - oesophagus - Stomach - Small intestine - Large intestine - anus
What is specific to Pseudocoelomate?
They have only one layer of muscle, hence they most move in order to digest their food because there are no natural contractions like in Coelomate.
Which animal groups are Pseudocoelomate?
Nematoda and Roteifera
What muscle are along the GI tract and what are their functions?
The smooth muscles functions are there to mix and move the food in the right direction in the digestive tube.
What are the basic functions of the GI tract?
Ingest (eat), digest (breakdown molecules with enzymes and chemicals present in the body), absorb (nutrient, vitamins, minerals and water) and defecate (waste)
Which animal groups have a single opening for digestion?
Radiata and platyhelminths.
What is the function of the double mesoderm layers around the coelom in Coelomates?
The muscles allow an independant movement of food from the movement of the animal.
What are the advantages of longer digestive tracts?
The food remains longer in the body so the most nutrients and other things can be extract from it.
What are the advantages of jointed appendages?
they increase flexibility and efficiency of movements which are practicle for everyday life. There are more options of movement (front back left right rotation jump…)
What is the role of endoskeleton and by what is it controlled?
The endoskeleton is the bones and muscles. They allow movement. It is controlled by the nervous system.
Which group of animal has no nervous system?
Porifera have only a neural net.
What animal group, except humans, have jointed appendages?
Arthropods (mollusk) with muscles attached to the outer shell (exoskeleton)
Name the four steps of the embryo development in humans.
- Fertilization
- Cleavage
- Gastrulation
- Organogenesis
What is the oocyte?
It is the cell that can devide to create ovum but is not one yet
What are the steps of fertilization?
- oocyte engulfs (kind of jail) sperm
- oocyte complete miosis II
- the nuclei of both the oocyte and the sperm fuse to create the zygote.
What is the cleavage?
Repetition of cell division within a specific size determined by the zona (which blocks the zygote from growing bigger and protects it from immune system). It forms a hollow ball (BLASTULA).
What are the components of a blastula or blastocyst (if mammal)?
Cell = blastomere
Fluid filled cavity = blastocoel.
In what consists the gastrulation?
It is the rearrangement of the blastula to create the 3 layer germ layers. The blastula closes on itself.
In organogenesis, what organs are formed from ectoderm?
Nervous system, skin
In organogenesis, what organs are formed from edoderm?
Digestive system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system,
In organogenesis, what organs are formed from mesoderm?
Muscles, skeletal
What is the phyla of humans?
Chordota
What is the phyla of sponges?
Porifera
What is the phyla of Jelly fish like animals?
Radiata
