Bioenergetics

Question 1

5 concepts in Bioenergetics

Answer 1

Thermodynamics
Redox reactions
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
biological catalyst - Enzymes
Hydrogen shuttles

Question 2

What are the two law of thermodynamics?

Answer 2

1. energy can not be created or detroyed, it is only transformed
2. the entropy must decrease

Question 3

What is the link between the course and the 1rst law of thermodynamics?

Answer 3

glucose–>energy (chemical energy)

Question 4

What is the 2 links between this cours and the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Answer 4

1. food –> ATP + HEAT

2. enthropy is required to maintain order of the cells –> homeostasis

Question 5

What is the use of the heat created when food is converted into ATP?

Answer 5

it regulates/keeps body temperature.

Question 6

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 6

a reaction that combines oxidation and reduction?

Question 7

What is reduction?

Answer 7

It requires and imput of energy where the molecule loses and O and gains a H

Question 8

What is a oxidation?

Answer 8

It realases energy by adding a O and loosing a H.

Question 9

Which are the food with the most calories?

Answer 9

The food having a higher H:O ratio. The more there are H to loose, the more potential energy the molecule has.

Question 10

Between fatty acid (18:1) and glucose (2:1), which one is the most caloric or has more enrgy to release?

Answer 10

the fatty acid because the H:O ration is bigger.

Question 11

What does ATP stands for?

Answer 11

adenosine triphosphate

Question 12

How does ATP releases energy?

Answer 12

By hydrolysis

Question 13

What is the reaction of ATP hydrolysis?

Answer 13

ATP + H2O –> ADP + P + Energy

Question 14

Why does ATP has a high phosphate transfer potential?

Answer 14

Because it is a very good donor. it donates phosphate to acceptor very easily.

Question 15

Give an example of a reaction with ATP.

Answer 15

Synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate

Question 16

How does the reaction of glucose-6-phosphate go?

Answer 16

ATP+H2O –> ADP +P
glucose + P –> G-6-P + H2O
(simultaneously)

Question 17

What is ATP used for in anial cells?

Answer 17

Biosynthesis - synthesis of proteins
Active transport - move vessicles, ion pumps,…
MOvement - muscle, GI track

Question 18

In what is ATP converted after it is used for it’s many purposes?

Answer 18

ATP is converted into ADP + P

Question 19

How is ADP converted into ATP?

Answer 19

With cellular respiration
food + O2 –> CO2 + H2O
ADP + P –> ATP

Question 20

WHat is the solution our body has developp to fulfill the high demand in energy?

Answer 20

The ATP is recycled

Question 21

What are the caracteristics of enzymes?

Answer 21

1. lowere the energy of activation of a reaction
2. are substrate specific
3. (many) require co-factor
4. activity affected by environment
5. organized in metabolic pathways (break down the steps of the reaction so many enzymes are responsible for 1 part of the large reaction)

Question 22

How do enzyme lower the energy of activation?

Answer 22

by forming enzyme-substrate complex

Question 23

What does it mean that enzyme are substrate specific?

Answer 23

It means that they can only bind to specific molecules for specific reactions.

Question 24

What are the kinds of co-factor used by enzymes?

Answer 24

vitamins, minerals

Question 25

What are the conditions that need to be specific to every enzyme so they can work best?

Answer 25

temperature
pH
substrate concentration and products

Question 26

What happens if one enzyme does not work?

Answer 26

the other enzymes can not complete the reaction.

Question 27

What is heydrogen shuttles?

Answer 27

It is a transfer of hydrogen

Question 28

What are the three types of H shuttles?

Answer 28

NAD+/NADH
FAD/FADH2
NADP+/NADPH

Question 29

What does NAD+/NADH do?

Answer 29

1. breaks the C-H bonds in organic food

2. transfers H from food to O2 to make water

Question 30

What does NADP+/NADPH do?

Answer 30

tranfers H from water to organic molecules