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AP/College Biology - 1300+ > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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2
Q

pterophytes are photosynthetic in which phases

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

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3
Q

water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is less or greater

A

greater

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4
Q

cells have a blank water potential than fresh water soil

A

lower

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5
Q

what absorbs most of the plants water and provide great surface area

A

root hairs

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6
Q

what kind of fungi increase root surface area

A

mycorrhizae

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7
Q

what mineral does mycorrhizae help a plant uptake the most

A

phosphorus

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8
Q

xylem has a blank water potential than the root tissue

A

lower

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9
Q

water has blank strength which is why water can defy gravity in the xylem

A

tensile

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10
Q

water molecules blank to one another due to hydrogen bonds

A

cohere

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11
Q

water molecules blank to the walls of the xylem due to polarity

A

adhere

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12
Q

tensile strength of a water column varies blank with its diamater

A

inversely

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13
Q

what can break tensile strength

A

air bubble

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14
Q

xylem has a blank water potential than leaves

A

higher

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15
Q

water vapor leaves the leaf through the blank

A

stoma

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16
Q

the leaf has a blank water potential than the air

A

higher

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17
Q

what manages the rate of transpiration

A

guard cells

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18
Q

closing the stomata can control water loss on a blank basis because they must be open at some point to allow blank in

A

short term and co2

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19
Q

stomata close when

A

high temps or increased co2 concentrations

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20
Q

alternative photosynthetic pathways like cam blank transpiration

A

reduce

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21
Q

stomata opens when guard cells become

A

turgid

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22
Q

when solutes are pumped into guard cells it causes the water potential to blank

A

decrease

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23
Q

abscisic acid causes stomata to blank and causes water to blank because the water potentials blanks

A

close, move out, increases

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24
Q

water moves 1-4 in transpiration

A

into roots, up xylem, into mesophyll in leaves, evaporates through stoma

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25
Q

additional forces to move water other than transpiration

A

root pressure

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26
Q

root pressure causes blank

A

guttation

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27
Q

what is guttation

A

dew

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28
Q

root pressure is blank than transpiration

A

different

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29
Q

three transport routes through cells

A

apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route

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30
Q

movement through the cell walls and the space between cells

A

apoplast route

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31
Q

cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata

A

symplast route

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32
Q

cytoplasm is connected by blank

A

plasmodesmata

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33
Q

membrane transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells and permits the greatest control

A

transmembrane

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34
Q

molecules must pass through the blank to reach the xylem

A

endodermal cells (casparian strip)

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35
Q

what two things are essential for bulk transport of minerals

A

tracheids and vessels

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36
Q

how much of plant water is lost to air through stomata

A

90 percent

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37
Q

what two factors increase evaporation

A

temperature and wind velocity

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38
Q

two adaptations of plants to limit water loss

A

dormancy, loss of leaves

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39
Q

plants form these two things two adjust to being underwater

A

form larger lenticels and adventitious roots

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40
Q

loose parenchymal with large air spaces that collect oxygen and transport it to submerged parts of plants

A

aerenchyma

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41
Q

plants that grow in salt water are called

A

mangroves

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42
Q

mangroves produce these air filled roots that have large lenticels

A

pneumatophores

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43
Q

phloem loading is the process in which blank are transported through the plant and into the cells

A

sugars

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44
Q

A body cavity

A

Coelom

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45
Q

First opening of embryo is the mouth

A

Protostome

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46
Q

First opening of the embryo is anus

A

Deuterostome

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47
Q

Immobile hydras and sponges are called

A

Sessile

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48
Q

This type of animal has epidermal and collar cells as well as amoebocytes

A

Sponges

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49
Q

Protects sponges like glass and stiffens body walls

A

Spicules

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50
Q

Spicules are what shape

A

Needle like

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51
Q

Are sponges sessile or motile

A

Sessile

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52
Q

Cnidarian with an upward pointing mouth

A

Polyp

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53
Q

Cnidarian with a downward pointing mouth

A

Medusa

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54
Q

Refers to a general light triggered development

A

Photomorphogenesis

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55
Q

Are directional growth responses to light

A

Phototropisms

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56
Q

A pigment containing protein

A

Phytochrome

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57
Q

Phytochrome has two parts and they are

A

Chromophore and apoprotein

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58
Q

Part of Phytochrome that is light receptive

A

Chromophore

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59
Q

Part of phytochrome that initiates a signal transduction pathway

A

Apoprotein

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60
Q

Two inconvertible forms of a phytochrome

A

Pr and Pfr

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61
Q

Phytochrome that Absorbs red light at 660 nm and is found in sunlight

A

Pr

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62
Q

Phytochrome that absorbs far red light at 730 nm and is found more in reflected light

A

Pfr

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63
Q

Blank is the active form of phytochrome and blank is the inactive form

A

Pfr then Pr

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64
Q

When Pr absorbs red light it converts to

A

Pfr

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65
Q

Phytochrome that enters the nucleus and binds to transcription factors leading to the expression of light regulated genes

A

Pfr

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66
Q

How many forms of phytochrome are there

A

Five

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67
Q

Three plant growth responses that phytochromes are involved in

A

Seed germination, shoot elongation, and detection of plant spacing

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68
Q

The bending of growing stems to sources of light with blue wavelengths 460 nm range

A

Phototropisms

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69
Q

The response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth

A

Gravitropism

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70
Q

Shoots exhibit blank gravitropism

A

Negative

71
Q

Roots exhibit blank gravitropism

A

Positive

72
Q

Where is gravity sensed in a plant

A

Along stem in endodermal cells

73
Q

What are the signaling structures for a stem to respond to gravity

A

Amyloplasts sinking in cytoplasm

74
Q

Accumulates on lower side of stem due to amyloplasts position

A

Auxin

75
Q

Where is the site of gravity perception in roots

A

Cap

76
Q

Cells closer to gravity source grow blank

A

Less

77
Q

Permanent response to mechanical stress

A

Thigmomorphogenesis

78
Q

Directional response to mechanical stress

A

Thigmotropism

79
Q

Cells that have reversible changes in turgid pressure and respond to touch

A

Pulvini

80
Q

Some turgor movements are caused by blank to maximize photosynthesis

A

Light

81
Q

Dropping of leaves or petals

A

Abscission

82
Q

Two layers produced by hormones prior to abscission

A

Protective and separation

83
Q

Plants produce blank proteins when it’s cold and blank proteins when it’s hot

A

Antifreeze, heat shock

84
Q

This explains how plants can survive lethal temperatures if exposed gradually

A

Thermotolerance

85
Q

T or f plants do not produce hormones by glands

A

True

86
Q

Chemicals produced in one part of an organsim and transported to another part where they exert a response

A

Hormones

87
Q

Who discovered auxin

A

Charles and Francis Darwin

88
Q

Describe Darwin auxin experiment

A

Four groups. Control plant, lightproof cap plant, transparent cap plant, lightproof collar plant. Bending towards sunlight

89
Q

Who named auxin

A

Frits went

90
Q

Describe Frits went experment

A

Agar gel and diffused auxin out of tip into gel and put the gel with auxin onto tip of plant

91
Q

Who demonstrated that auxin migrates away to the shaded portion of the shoot

A

Winslow Briggs

92
Q

How did Briggs experiment work?

A

Inserted barriers in a shoot tip and it resulted in equal amounts of auxin in both the light and dark side of the barrier.

93
Q

Blank hypothesis provides a model linking auxin to cell wall expansion

A

Acid growth

94
Q

Produced in the root apical meristem’s and developing fruits. they also stimulates cell division and differentiation they also promote the growth of Lateral branches

A

.

95
Q

This is the plant hormone has important effects on stem elongation. Adding these two dwarf mutants restores normal growth.

A

Gibberellins

96
Q

Gibberellins also hastens germination which makes blank

A

Bigger fruit

97
Q

Specialized stinging cells of jellyfish and hydras

A

Cnidocytes

98
Q

Te thing that actually does the stinging in stinging cells

A

Nematocysts

99
Q

Suspended animals that serve as food for larger ocean animals

A

Zooplankton

100
Q

The Sea anemone is a polyp or medusa

A

Polyp

101
Q

Cup coral is a polyp or medusa

A

Polyp

102
Q

Portuguese man of war is a medusa or polyp

A

Medusa

103
Q

Jellyfish is a polyp or medusa

A

Medusa

104
Q

Fee living flatworms are called

A

Planarians

105
Q

Do planarians have body cavities

A

No

106
Q

What kind of coelom do roundworms have

A

Pseudocoelom

107
Q

Common and abundant freshwater animals

A

Rotifera

108
Q

Ciliated wheel shape that Rotifers have

A

Corona

109
Q

Example of animal with no tissues

A

Sponge

110
Q

Example of animal with two tissues

A

Hydra

111
Q

Example of animal with three tissues

A

Planarian

112
Q

Any angle symmetry

A

Radial

113
Q

One cut symmetry

A

Bilateral

114
Q

Two adult forms of cnidarians

A

Sessile and motile

115
Q

Characteristic to designate groups of sponges

A

Type of spicule

116
Q

Do cnidarians have gastrovascular cavities

A

Yes

117
Q

A gas that retards growth in plants and ripens fruit

A

Ethylene

118
Q

Synthesized mainly in green leaves, fruits and root caps and it counteracts gibberellins and auxin

A

Abscisic acid

119
Q

Lack of abscisic acid causes seeds to grow where

A

Inside parents

120
Q

Before plants can form, they must undergo a blank

A

Phase change

121
Q

What happens when sea turtles are polluted with light

A

They don’t make it to the ocean

122
Q

Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering that have been identified

A

Light dependent, temp dependent, gibberellin dependent, autonomous

123
Q

Pathway that is Also termed the photoperiodic pathway that is sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each twenty four hour period

A

Light dependent

124
Q

Obligate long or short day plants blank light to flower

A

In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light

125
Q

In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light

A

Facultative

126
Q

The plant uses the length of blank rather than blank to determine when to flower

A

Night, day

127
Q

If night is interrupted with a flash of light then how will the plant interpret it

A

As a full day

128
Q

A pathway that plants require. Of chilling before flowering called vernalization

A

.

129
Q

Pathway where gibber Ellen binds to gene promoters and enhances it it it’s expression thereby promoting flowering this is a pathway

A

Gibberellin dependent

130
Q

What happens when there’s a decrease in the amount of gibberellin

A

Flowering is delayed

131
Q

This pathway only depends on basic nutrition and it allows day neutral plants to count knows and remember node location

A

Autonomous

132
Q

A pathway where a plant needs a uniform number of nodes before flowering

A

Autonomous

133
Q

A model for flowering that proposes that three Organ identity gene classes specify the four whorls

A

The ABC model

134
Q

How many whorls does a complete flower have

A

Four

135
Q

In incomplete flower lacks what

A

A whorl

136
Q

Floral organs are thought to evolved from what

A

Leaves

137
Q

A flower structure that consists of flatten sepals

A

Calyx

138
Q

A flower structure that consists of fused petals

A

Corolla

139
Q

Flower structure that is a collective term for stamens and the stamen consists of a filament and enter

A

Androecium

140
Q

A flower structure that is a collective term for Carpell’s a Carpell consists of an ovule ovary style and stigma

A

Gynoecium

141
Q

The blank generation is very small and completely enclosed within parent sporophyte

A

Gametophyte

142
Q

The male gametophyte is

A

Pollen grains

143
Q

The female gametophyte is

A

Embryo sac

144
Q

The micro gametophyte is

A

Pollen

145
Q

The Megagametophyte is

A

Embryo sac

146
Q

A microspore mother cell produces how many microspores

A

Four

147
Q

Each microspore develops by blank into A pollen grain

A

Mitosis

148
Q

A pollen grain consists of what

A

Tube cell and sperm cells

149
Q

A megaspore mother cell produces how many megaspores

A

Four

150
Q

How many megastores actually survive and what does this megaspore become

A

One survives and becomes embryo sac

151
Q

The embryo sac enlarges in undergoes repeated mitotic cell divisions to produce how many haploid nuclei

A

Eight

152
Q

The process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

A

Pollination

153
Q

Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flowers stigma

A

Cross pollination

154
Q

Name three pollinators

A

Bees butterflies and birds

155
Q

What kind of flowers do the three pollinators like

A

Bees yellow. Butterflies landing platforms. Birds red

156
Q

What kind of pollination is favored in stable environments

A

Self pollination

157
Q

Three evolutionary strategies that promote outcrossing in pollination

A

Separation of structures in time, separation of structures in space, and self incompatibility

158
Q

Dioecious and monoecious are examples of what evolutionary strategy

A

Separation of structures in space

159
Q

Known as dichogamus and stamens and carpels in the same flower reach maturity at the different times

A

Separation of structures in time

160
Q

Plants that require a chilling period before flowering

A

Vernalization

161
Q

When stamens and carpels of the same flower reach maturity at different times is called

A

Dichogamous

162
Q

An evolutionary strategy that the stigma recognizes and blocks the self pollen tube

A

Self incompatibility

163
Q

This cell forms a pollen tube that pierces the style

A

Tube cell

164
Q

It’s cell divides to form two sperm cells

A

Generative cell

165
Q

Asexual reproduction where plant individuals are cloned from,parts of adults

A

Vegetative

166
Q

Oldest living tree is 4000 years old and is what kind of tree

A

Bristle cone pine

167
Q

Plants that are able to flower and Produce seeds and fruit for indefinite number of growing seasons

A

Perennial

168
Q

Plants that drop their leaves at a particular time of year

A

Deciduous

169
Q

Plants that drop their leaves throughout the year

A

Evergreen

170
Q

Plants that grow flower form fruits and seeds and typically died within one growing season

A

Annual

171
Q

The process that leads to the death of the plant after one season is called blank

A

Senescence

172
Q

Plants that have two year lifecycles and they store energy for the first year and flower the second year

A

Biennial

AP/College Biology - 1300+ (9 decks)

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