Plants Flashcards
pterophytes are photosynthetic in which phases
gametophyte and sporophyte
water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is less or greater
greater
cells have a blank water potential than fresh water soil
lower
what absorbs most of the plants water and provide great surface area
root hairs
what kind of fungi increase root surface area
mycorrhizae
what mineral does mycorrhizae help a plant uptake the most
phosphorus
xylem has a blank water potential than the root tissue
lower
water has blank strength which is why water can defy gravity in the xylem
tensile
water molecules blank to one another due to hydrogen bonds
cohere
water molecules blank to the walls of the xylem due to polarity
adhere
tensile strength of a water column varies blank with its diamater
inversely
what can break tensile strength
air bubble
xylem has a blank water potential than leaves
higher
water vapor leaves the leaf through the blank
stoma
the leaf has a blank water potential than the air
higher
what manages the rate of transpiration
guard cells
closing the stomata can control water loss on a blank basis because they must be open at some point to allow blank in
short term and co2
stomata close when
high temps or increased co2 concentrations
alternative photosynthetic pathways like cam blank transpiration
reduce
stomata opens when guard cells become
turgid
when solutes are pumped into guard cells it causes the water potential to blank
decrease
abscisic acid causes stomata to blank and causes water to blank because the water potentials blanks
close, move out, increases
water moves 1-4 in transpiration
into roots, up xylem, into mesophyll in leaves, evaporates through stoma
additional forces to move water other than transpiration
root pressure
root pressure causes blank
guttation
what is guttation
dew
root pressure is blank than transpiration
different
three transport routes through cells
apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route
movement through the cell walls and the space between cells
apoplast route
cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata
symplast route
cytoplasm is connected by blank
plasmodesmata
membrane transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells and permits the greatest control
transmembrane
molecules must pass through the blank to reach the xylem
endodermal cells (casparian strip)
what two things are essential for bulk transport of minerals
tracheids and vessels
how much of plant water is lost to air through stomata
90 percent
what two factors increase evaporation
temperature and wind velocity
two adaptations of plants to limit water loss
dormancy, loss of leaves
plants form these two things two adjust to being underwater
form larger lenticels and adventitious roots
loose parenchymal with large air spaces that collect oxygen and transport it to submerged parts of plants
aerenchyma
plants that grow in salt water are called
mangroves
mangroves produce these air filled roots that have large lenticels
pneumatophores
phloem loading is the process in which blank are transported through the plant and into the cells
sugars
A body cavity
Coelom
First opening of embryo is the mouth
Protostome
First opening of the embryo is anus
Deuterostome
Immobile hydras and sponges are called
Sessile
This type of animal has epidermal and collar cells as well as amoebocytes
Sponges
Protects sponges like glass and stiffens body walls
Spicules
Spicules are what shape
Needle like
Are sponges sessile or motile
Sessile
Cnidarian with an upward pointing mouth
Polyp
Cnidarian with a downward pointing mouth
Medusa
Refers to a general light triggered development
Photomorphogenesis
Are directional growth responses to light
Phototropisms
A pigment containing protein
Phytochrome
Phytochrome has two parts and they are
Chromophore and apoprotein
Part of Phytochrome that is light receptive
Chromophore
Part of phytochrome that initiates a signal transduction pathway
Apoprotein
Two inconvertible forms of a phytochrome
Pr and Pfr
Phytochrome that Absorbs red light at 660 nm and is found in sunlight
Pr
Phytochrome that absorbs far red light at 730 nm and is found more in reflected light
Pfr
Blank is the active form of phytochrome and blank is the inactive form
Pfr then Pr
When Pr absorbs red light it converts to
Pfr
Phytochrome that enters the nucleus and binds to transcription factors leading to the expression of light regulated genes
Pfr
How many forms of phytochrome are there
Five
Three plant growth responses that phytochromes are involved in
Seed germination, shoot elongation, and detection of plant spacing
The bending of growing stems to sources of light with blue wavelengths 460 nm range
Phototropisms
The response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth
Gravitropism
Shoots exhibit blank gravitropism
Negative
Roots exhibit blank gravitropism
Positive
Where is gravity sensed in a plant
Along stem in endodermal cells
What are the signaling structures for a stem to respond to gravity
Amyloplasts sinking in cytoplasm
Accumulates on lower side of stem due to amyloplasts position
Auxin
Where is the site of gravity perception in roots
Cap
Cells closer to gravity source grow blank
Less
Permanent response to mechanical stress
Thigmomorphogenesis
Directional response to mechanical stress
Thigmotropism
Cells that have reversible changes in turgid pressure and respond to touch
Pulvini
Some turgor movements are caused by blank to maximize photosynthesis
Light
Dropping of leaves or petals
Abscission
Two layers produced by hormones prior to abscission
Protective and separation
Plants produce blank proteins when it’s cold and blank proteins when it’s hot
Antifreeze, heat shock
This explains how plants can survive lethal temperatures if exposed gradually
Thermotolerance
T or f plants do not produce hormones by glands
True
Chemicals produced in one part of an organsim and transported to another part where they exert a response
Hormones
Who discovered auxin
Charles and Francis Darwin
Describe Darwin auxin experiment
Four groups. Control plant, lightproof cap plant, transparent cap plant, lightproof collar plant. Bending towards sunlight
Who named auxin
Frits went
Describe Frits went experment
Agar gel and diffused auxin out of tip into gel and put the gel with auxin onto tip of plant
Who demonstrated that auxin migrates away to the shaded portion of the shoot
Winslow Briggs
How did Briggs experiment work?
Inserted barriers in a shoot tip and it resulted in equal amounts of auxin in both the light and dark side of the barrier.
Blank hypothesis provides a model linking auxin to cell wall expansion
Acid growth
Produced in the root apical meristem’s and developing fruits. they also stimulates cell division and differentiation they also promote the growth of Lateral branches
.
This is the plant hormone has important effects on stem elongation. Adding these two dwarf mutants restores normal growth.
Gibberellins
Gibberellins also hastens germination which makes blank
Bigger fruit
Specialized stinging cells of jellyfish and hydras
Cnidocytes
Te thing that actually does the stinging in stinging cells
Nematocysts
Suspended animals that serve as food for larger ocean animals
Zooplankton
The Sea anemone is a polyp or medusa
Polyp
Cup coral is a polyp or medusa
Polyp
Portuguese man of war is a medusa or polyp
Medusa
Jellyfish is a polyp or medusa
Medusa
Fee living flatworms are called
Planarians
Do planarians have body cavities
No
What kind of coelom do roundworms have
Pseudocoelom
Common and abundant freshwater animals
Rotifera
Ciliated wheel shape that Rotifers have
Corona
Example of animal with no tissues
Sponge
Example of animal with two tissues
Hydra
Example of animal with three tissues
Planarian
Any angle symmetry
Radial
One cut symmetry
Bilateral
Two adult forms of cnidarians
Sessile and motile
Characteristic to designate groups of sponges
Type of spicule
Do cnidarians have gastrovascular cavities
Yes
A gas that retards growth in plants and ripens fruit
Ethylene
Synthesized mainly in green leaves, fruits and root caps and it counteracts gibberellins and auxin
Abscisic acid
Lack of abscisic acid causes seeds to grow where
Inside parents
Before plants can form, they must undergo a blank
Phase change
What happens when sea turtles are polluted with light
They don’t make it to the ocean
Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering that have been identified
Light dependent, temp dependent, gibberellin dependent, autonomous
Pathway that is Also termed the photoperiodic pathway that is sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each twenty four hour period
Light dependent
Obligate long or short day plants blank light to flower
In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light
In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light
Facultative
The plant uses the length of blank rather than blank to determine when to flower
Night, day
If night is interrupted with a flash of light then how will the plant interpret it
As a full day
A pathway that plants require. Of chilling before flowering called vernalization
.
Pathway where gibber Ellen binds to gene promoters and enhances it it it’s expression thereby promoting flowering this is a pathway
Gibberellin dependent
What happens when there’s a decrease in the amount of gibberellin
Flowering is delayed
This pathway only depends on basic nutrition and it allows day neutral plants to count knows and remember node location
Autonomous
A pathway where a plant needs a uniform number of nodes before flowering
Autonomous
A model for flowering that proposes that three Organ identity gene classes specify the four whorls
The ABC model
How many whorls does a complete flower have
Four
In incomplete flower lacks what
A whorl
Floral organs are thought to evolved from what
Leaves
A flower structure that consists of flatten sepals
Calyx
A flower structure that consists of fused petals
Corolla
Flower structure that is a collective term for stamens and the stamen consists of a filament and enter
Androecium
A flower structure that is a collective term for Carpell’s a Carpell consists of an ovule ovary style and stigma
Gynoecium
The blank generation is very small and completely enclosed within parent sporophyte
Gametophyte
The male gametophyte is
Pollen grains
The female gametophyte is
Embryo sac
The micro gametophyte is
Pollen
The Megagametophyte is
Embryo sac
A microspore mother cell produces how many microspores
Four
Each microspore develops by blank into A pollen grain
Mitosis
A pollen grain consists of what
Tube cell and sperm cells
A megaspore mother cell produces how many megaspores
Four
How many megastores actually survive and what does this megaspore become
One survives and becomes embryo sac
The embryo sac enlarges in undergoes repeated mitotic cell divisions to produce how many haploid nuclei
Eight
The process by which pollen is placed on the stigma
Pollination
Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flowers stigma
Cross pollination
Name three pollinators
Bees butterflies and birds
What kind of flowers do the three pollinators like
Bees yellow. Butterflies landing platforms. Birds red
What kind of pollination is favored in stable environments
Self pollination
Three evolutionary strategies that promote outcrossing in pollination
Separation of structures in time, separation of structures in space, and self incompatibility
Dioecious and monoecious are examples of what evolutionary strategy
Separation of structures in space
Known as dichogamus and stamens and carpels in the same flower reach maturity at the different times
Separation of structures in time
Plants that require a chilling period before flowering
Vernalization
When stamens and carpels of the same flower reach maturity at different times is called
Dichogamous
An evolutionary strategy that the stigma recognizes and blocks the self pollen tube
Self incompatibility
This cell forms a pollen tube that pierces the style
Tube cell
It’s cell divides to form two sperm cells
Generative cell
Asexual reproduction where plant individuals are cloned from,parts of adults
Vegetative
Oldest living tree is 4000 years old and is what kind of tree
Bristle cone pine
Plants that are able to flower and Produce seeds and fruit for indefinite number of growing seasons
Perennial
Plants that drop their leaves at a particular time of year
Deciduous
Plants that drop their leaves throughout the year
Evergreen
Plants that grow flower form fruits and seeds and typically died within one growing season
Annual
The process that leads to the death of the plant after one season is called blank
Senescence
Plants that have two year lifecycles and they store energy for the first year and flower the second year
Biennial
